Unit 2 Flashcards
(85 cards)
What are metabolic pathways? Give def.
Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled enzyme-catalysed reactions within a cell.
What is metabolism? Give def.
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions taking place in a living cell.
What can metabolic pathways produce in animal cells?
vitamins and haemoglobin.
What can metabolic pathways produce in plant cells?
Glucose and chlorophyll.
In what cells does metabolism occur?
Metabolism occurs in all 3 domains of life.
What controls metabolic pathways?
Enzymes.
What are the two types of metabolic pathways?
Anabolic and catabolic.
What’s an anabolic reaction?
Anabolic reaction is the build up of small molecules to larger ones. This requires energy. (Synthesis)
What’s an catabolic reaction?
Catabolic reaction is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. This releases energy. (Degradation)
Example of anabolic and catabolic reaction?
Anabolic: photosynthesis, the process of making glucose from raw materials.
Catabolic: food digestion, breaking food down into energy.
Are metabolic pathways reversible or irreversible?
They can be both; but most are reversible.
What happens if a substrate/specific enzyme isn’t available in the metabolic pathway? Can the process still occur? Does it stop?
An alternative route is carried out; which may result in a longer process, but still produces required protein to be made.
What are the 3 main types of proteins in a cell membrane?
- Carrier proteins (pump)
- Channel-forming proteins (pores)
- Enzymes
What’s an enzyme inhibitor?
A molecule which prevents the substrate and active site binding.
Types of inhibitation?
- competitive
- non-competitive
- negative feedback
What do carrier proteins do?
Recognise specific ions and transfer across cell membrane.
What do channel-forming proteins do?
They provide channels for specific substances to diffuse.
What is affinity?
The attraction between the substrate and active site.
What is cellular respiration?
The process in which glucose is broken down to release energy.
What’s phosphorylation?
An enzyme-controlled process, which a phosphate group is added to molecule.
What can interrupt a metabolic pathway(s)?
Venoms and toxins.
What does the binding of the active site and substrate do to the activation energy levels?
It lowers down the activation energy needed for reaction.
What’s an induced fit? Give def.
Induced fit is when the active site shape changes slightly to fit the substrate better.
What happens to the rate of reaction as the substrate concentration increases?
The rate of reaction will increase, until all active sites are occupied, then the rate of reaction no longer increases.