Unit 2 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Vitamin C
A
Ascorbate
2
Q
Riboflavin deficiency
A
2 C’s
- Cheilosis
- Corneal Vascularization
3
Q
Where is GFAP distributed to?
A
Glial cells
4
Q
Cobalamin Deficiency
A
Megaloblastic anemia, paresthesia, homocysteinemia, methylmalonic aciduria.
5
Q
Vitamin K function
A
Blood clotting
6
Q
Pyrimidines
A
C & U & T
One ring
7
Q
Where are basic keratins distributed?
A
Epithelia
8
Q
Vitamin B3
A
Niacin
9
Q
Vitamin D effect on the body
A
Prevents bone breakdown
Increase Ca2+ reabsorption in kidneys
Increase Ca2+ absorption in intestines
10
Q
Thiamin deficiency
A
Beri-beri
Wernicke-Korsakoff
11
Q
Vitamin B7
A
Biotin
12
Q
Scurvy symptoms
A
Anemia, easily bruised skin, swollen and bleeding gums, tooth loss, osteoporosis.
13
Q
Vitamin D toxicity
A
Calcinosis:
Kidney stones
Calcified blood vessels
14
Q
Formation of PRPP
A
Ribose 5p is activated with PPi by PRPP synthetase and ATP
*this is rate-limiting
15
Q
Another name for Vitamin E
A
Tocopherol
16
Q
Symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
A
Ataxia, opthalmoplegia, confusion, confabulation.
Buzz word: alcoholism
17
Q
Hartnup’s disease
A
Inability to reabsorb neutral amino acids.
Leads to Trp deficiency
Leads to pellagra
18
Q
Pantothenic acid deficiency
A
None known in humans
19
Q
Difference between Retinol, Retinal, and retinoic acid
A
Retinol: transport form
Retinal: vision (rods)
Retinoic acid: gene regulation
20
Q
Vitamin B9
A
Folic Acid
21
Q
Steroid hormones target which type of signal receptor?
A
Intracellular receptor
22
Q
Vitamin B6
A
Pyridoxine
23
Q
Drugs that cause B6 deficiency
2
A
Isoniazid and penicillamine
24
Q
Biotin deficiency
A
Developmental delay, skin rash, and hair loss.
Caused by AVIDIN found in raw eggs
25
Glucose 6p dehydrogenase deficiency
Complete loss: lethal
Partial loss: hemolytic anemia due to oxidative stress, jaundice, gall stones, Hb in urine
Buzz word: Heinz bodies
26
B12 absorption mechanism
B12 binds to Haptocorrin in stomach
Pancreatic secretions disassociate B12-Hap
IF binds B12
IF-B12 complex absorbed by the ileum
27
Niacin Deficiency
Pellagra
28
Vitamin E function
Antioxidant in plasma membranes
| Mostly red blood cells
29
Pentose phosphate pathway
Glucose 6p -> 6 phosphogluconolactone (G6P dehydrogenase) -> 6 phosphogluconate -> Ribulose 5p (6 PG dehydrogenase)
3 ribulose 5p -> 2 fructose 6p + 1 Glyceraldehyde 3p
(Transketolase)
((Thiamine))
30
Vitamin B1
Thiamine
31
Carcinoid Syndrome
Tumor in enterochromaffin cells
Leads to over production/secretion of serotonin
Leads to heart valve disease
Leads to Trp deficiency
Leads to pellagra
32
Pernicious Anemia
Condition where parietal cells of stomach fail to secrete Intrinsic Factor (IF)
33
Conditions that lead to B12 deficiency
Vegetarian/vegan diet
Crohn’s disease
Surgical removal of stomach or ileum
34
Symptoms of Pellagra
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
35
Ascorbate deficiency
Scurvy
36
Where are acidic keratins distributed?
Epithelia
37
Pantothenic acid associated cofactor
CoA
38
Vitamin A
Retinol, retinal and retinoic acid
Beta carotene is a precursor
39
Calcitriol
Active form of vitamin D
40
What other hormone has similar function to vitamin D?
Parathyroid Hormone
41
Pyridoxin deficiency
Microcytic anemia
Neurological symptoms
41
Where is Desmin distributed?
Muscle
42
What is vitamin D derived from?
Cholesterol
43
Vitamin B5
Pantothenic acid
44
Vitamin D deficiency
Rickets
45
What is the ligand in the JAK-STAT pathway?
Cytokines
46
Where are neurofilaments distributed to?
Neurons
47
Beri-beri
Thiamine deficiency (carb-rich diet)
Dry: neurological symptoms
Wet: vascular symptoms
48
Glutathione pathway
Glutathione reduces H2O2 to water
-is rejuvenated by NADPH
Enzymes involved: GSH reductase and GSH peroxidase
49
What inhibits RNA Polymerase I?
Actinomycin D
50
Two pathways for nucleotide synthesis
Salvage & De Novo
51
Vitamin E deficiency
Red blood cell fragility, compromised neurological function
52
How is SRC activated?
Phosphorylation
53
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin
54
Relationship between Tocopherol and Ascorbate
Tocopherol reduces peroxidated fatty acids in membranes
Ascorbate reduces Tocopherol back to original form
55
3 forms of Vitamin K
Phylloquinone, menaquinone, and MENADIONE
57
What does alpha-amanitin inhibit?
RNA Polymerase II
58
Vitamin K antagonists
Dicumarol & warfarin
59
Symptoms of rickets
Soft bones, big lumpy joints, bowed legs
60
Components of steroid hormone receptors
Ligand binding domain
DNA binding domain
Transcription activating domain
61
Possible cause of rare vitamin K deficiency
Long term antibiotic treatment in infants.
62
Where are lamins distributed to?
Nuclei
63
Folic acid deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia, homocysteinemia
Neural tube defects in early stages of pregnancy.
64
Vitamin B12
Cobalamin
65
Purines
A & G
Two rings
66
Thiamine-dependent enzymes
PDH
Alpha KG dehydrogenase
Branch chain keto acid dehydrogenase
Transketolase
69
Four major phospholipids in membranes
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylcholine
Sphingomyelin
70
What effect does cholesterol have on membranes?
Decrease fluidity
71
What are the typical distributions of the 4 membrane phospholipids?
Outer leaflet:
Phophatidylcholine
Sphingomyelin
Inner leaflet:
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
72
Contents of lipid rafts
GPI-anchored proteins
Flotillins
Proteins with longer transmembrane domains
73
Where is Vimentin distributed to?
Fibroblasts
74
How is RAS activated?
Binding of GTP
75
E face
Outer face of outer leaflet of PM
76
P face
Outer face of the inner leaflet of PM
78
Hutchinson-gilford progeria syndrome
Genetic disease that causes accelerated aging.
| Caused by mutation in Lamin A gene
79
Diseases caused by laminopathies
```
Lipodystrophy
Cardiomyopathy
Muscular dystrophy
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
Segmental progeroid
```
79
Nuclear pores transport _____ OUT of the nucleus
Ribosomes
| RNA’s
80
What does actinomycin D inhibit?
RNA polymerase I
81
Nuclear pores transport _____ IN TO the nucleus
```
Histones
DNA pol/RNA pol
Transcription factors
Chromatin proteins
RNA processing proteins
```
83
Heterochromatin is (dark/light) and (active/inactive)
Dark
| Inactive
84
Euchromatin is (dark/light) and (active/inactive)
Light
| Active
85
What causes trisomy 21?
Nondisjunction
86
Q arm is (long/short)
Long
87
P arm is (long/short)
Short
88
Name the 5 histones
```
H1
H2a
H2b
H3
H4
```
89
Which histone is not part of the histone core?
H1
90
Methylation of histone results in (unwinding/winding) and (increased/decreased) transcription
Winding
| Decrease
91
What inhibits RNA polymerase II?
Alpha-amanitin
92
Acetylation of histones results in (unwinding/winding) and (increased/decreased) transcription
Unwinding
| Increased
94
Diseases associated with inappropriate acetylation (2)
ALS
| Kabuki syndrome
95
Diseases associated with inappropriate methylation (3)
Parkinson’s
Huntington’s
Fragile X
96
What is a Barr body?
Aberrant X chromosome
97
What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?
G1
S
G2
M
98
Cyclin/cdk associated with G1 phase
Cyclin D
| Cdk 4/6
99
Cyclin/cdk associated with S phase
Cyclin A
| Cdk 2
100
Cyclin/cdk associated with G2 phase
Cyclin A
| Cdk 2
101
Cyclin/cdk associated with M phase
Cyclin B
Cdk 1
(aka MPF)
102
Apoptosis vs Necrosis
Apoptosis: controlled implosion
Necrosis: uncontrolled explosion
103
Unsaturated fatty acid (increased/decreases) membrane fluidity
Increases
104
Amino acids involved in purine synthesis
Glutamine (x2)
Glycine
Aspartate
