Unit 2- Analgesics

Question 1

CNS Pharmacology

Answer 1

How drugs alter brain activity and offset pathology

Question 2

Neuro Pharmacology

Answer 2

How drugs act on neurons at cellular/molecular level

Question 3

Psycho Pharmacology

Answer 3

How drugs modify behavior, perception, and affect thoughts

Question 4

Drugs Passing BBB

Answer 4

Small, lipid soluble, poorly protein bound, non ionized at CSF pH, diffusion or carrier transport

Question 5

Analgesic Therapy

Answer 5

Reduce transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception of pain

Question 6

Visceral Pain

Answer 6

In the abdominal or thoracic cavity

Question 7

Somatic Pain

Answer 7

Musculoskeletal damage

Question 8

Neuropathic Pain

Answer 8

Damage affecting somatosensory nervous system

Question 9

Pain Processing Steps

Answer 9

Transduction into electrical signal, transmission to spinal cord, modulation in spinal cord, processing and perception in the brain

Question 10

Opioids

Answer 10

Fully synthetic derivatives of opium, actives are Morphine and Codeine

Question 11

Opiates

Answer 11

Narcotics derived from opium poppy

Question 12

Opioid Analgesic Use

Answer 12

Prevent and treat post-op pain, produce neuroleptanalgesia with tranquilizers

Question 13

Dog Opioid Pharmacologic Effects

Answer 13

sedation and narcosis

Question 14

Cat, Horse, Ruminant Opioid Pharmacologic Effects

Answer 14

Bizarre behavior, CNS stimulation, dysphoria

Question 15

Opioid MOA

Answer 15

Bind to receptors and inhibit neurotransmission and endocrine secretion, stimulate opioid receptors

Question 16

Agonist Opioids

Answer 16

Morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, fentanyl, tramadol

Question 17

Partial Agonist Opioids

Answer 17

Buprenorphine, Butorphanol

Question 18

Agonist-Antagonist Opioids

Answer 18

Butorphanol, Nalbuphine, Buprenorphine

Question 19

Antagonist Opioids

Answer 19

Naloxone, Naltrexone

Question 20

Opioid Receptors

Answer 20

GPCRs that mediate inhibition of neurotransmission and endocrine secretion, present in many tissues

Question 21

μ-Receptors

Answer 21

Brain and spinal cord receptors that cause respiratory depression, alagesia, euphoria, mild sedation, inhibition of Ach and dopamine release, and GI decrease

Question 22

κ-Receptors

Answer 22

Cerebral cortex, brain, and spinal cord receptors that cause analgesia, sedation, dysphoria, and diuresis

Question 23

∆-Receptors

Answer 23

Cerebral cortex and spinal cord receptors that cause analgesia and cardiovascular depression and inhibit dopamine release

Question 24

CNS Opioid Adverse Effects

Answer 24

Anxiety, disorientation, excitement, dysphoria

Question 25

Cardiovascular Opioid Adverse Effects

Answer 25

Bradycardia

Question 26

Respiratory Opioid Adverse Effects

Answer 26

Decreased respiration and tidal volume by μ receptors, decreased O2 and CO2 partial pressure, and ceiling effect

Question 27

Ceiling Effect

Answer 27

The dose at which there will be no more additional analgesia but adverse effects continue

Question 28

GI Opioid Adverse Effects

Answer 28

Salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, colic

Question 29

Other Opioid Adverse Effects

Answer 29

miosis in dogs, mydriasis in cats, horses, and ruminants, hypothermia in dogs, malignant hyperthermia in cats, noise sensitivity, sweating in horses, urine retension

Question 30

Naloxone Hydrochloride

Answer 30

Opioid antagonist given IM or IV in dogs, horses, cats, and exotic mammals

Question 31

Naltrexone

Answer 31

Opioid antagonist given IV or IM in wild animals or orally in dogs for behavior

Question 32

Morphine Receptors

Answer 32

μ and κ agonist

Question 33

Methadone Receptors

Answer 33

μ agonist

Question 34

Tramadol Receptors

Answer 34

μ agonist

Question 35

Fentanyl Receptors

Answer 35

μ agonist

Question 36

Carfentanil Receptors

Answer 36

μ agonist

Question 37

Butorphanol Receptors

Answer 37

Partial μ and full κ agonist

Question 38

Buprenorphine Receptors

Answer 38

Partial μ agonist

Question 39

Nalbuphine Receptors

Answer 39

κ agonist, μ antagonist

Question 40

Naloxone Receptors

Answer 40

Antagonist to all

Question 41

Naltrexone

Answer 41

Antagonist to all

Question 42

NMDA

Answer 42

Glutamate receptor and Ca++ ion channel mediating learning and memory

Question 43

NMDAR Antagonists

Answer 43

Amantadine, Ketamine, Gabapentin, Amitriptyline, and Lidocaine

Question 44

NSAIDs

Answer 44

Inhibit pro-inflammatory enzyme COX to reduce swelling, stiffness, and joint pain caused by inflammation

Question 45

Dog Safe NSAIDs

Answer 45

Carprofen, Deracoxib, Firocoxib, Meloxicam

Question 46

Unsafe NSAIDs

Answer 46

Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen, Aspirin