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Unit 2 AOS 2 2024 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Attention

A

Focusing our mental resources on certain info, while blocking out irrelevant info.

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2
Q

Selective attention

A

exclusively focusing your attention on a specific stimulus or task whilst simultaneously ignoring all other external and internal stimuli

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3
Q

Divided attention

A

splitting your attention across 2 or more stimuli at one time

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4
Q

Sustained attention

A

focusing on one or more stimuli across a prolonged, continuous period of time.

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5
Q

Distraction

A

Internal or external stimuli that draw your attention away from the current task

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6
Q

monocular depth cues

A

rely on visual info perceived by just one eye

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7
Q

depth cues

A

visual clues that allow someone to see the world in 3 dimensions and judge the distance and position of objects in their environment.

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8
Q

Photoreceptors : cones

A

they allow you to see colour and fine details in well lit conditions

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9
Q

Photoreceptors: rods

A

they allow you to see in the dark.

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10
Q

Organisation

A

the selected features of sensory stimuli are regrouped so that they are cohesively arrange.

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11
Q

Selection

A

Certain sensory stimuli or their features are attended to whilst other features are ignored

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12
Q

Transmission

A

the info is sent to the brain for perceptual processing

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13
Q

Myopia

A

they can’t see far away, (short sided)

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14
Q

Monocular depth cue: Motion parallax

A

uses our perception of movement to gauge how far things are this helps us measure depth.

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15
Q

Monocular depth cue: Accomodation

A

involves our lens bulging and flattening according to how far away an object is.

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16
Q

Monocular depth cue: Pictorial depth cues

A

-relative size
-height in visual field
-linear perspective
-interposition (overlap)
-texture gradient

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17
Q

Binocular depth cue: Retinal disparity

A

difference between the different images received on the retina of either eye. closer = greater disparity.

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18
Q

Binocular depth cue: convergence

A

turning inwards is convergence when something is close your eye strains signalling that something is close.

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19
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Rely on visual info from both eyes

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20
Q

Reception

A

the sensory info is 1st received

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21
Q

Transduction

A

the info is converted into a neural impulse

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22
Q

Interpretation

A

The now organised sensory info is understood

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23
Q

Sensation

A
  1. reception
  2. transduction
    3 transmission
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24
Q

Perception

A
  1. Selection
  2. organisation
  3. interpretation
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25
Bottom-up processing
analyse individual parts of a scenario to make a conclusion - unfamiliar and complex specific stimuli--> general knowledge.
26
Sensory organ for vision
the eye
27
Top- down processing
Analyse the whole picture of a scenario to make a conclusion. -familiar and complex - prior knowledge--> stimulus info
28
visual constancies
a visual perception skill that allows a child to understand that a shape, form or object stays the same even when it changes position, size or is in a different environment.
29
Visual perception principles
guiding rules that we apple to incoming visual signals that determine the way e organise and interpret them. (automatic and unconsious)
30
Gestalt Principles
large subset of visual perception principles which help us make sense of visual stimuli by grouping together separate phenomena into meaningful whiles.
31
The similarity principle
group images that are similar could be colour, size, shape, position, etc.
32
The closure principle
Brains ability to to mentally complete images that are otherwise incomplete.
33
the proximity principle
refers to our brains tendency to group together items in an image based on their physical closeness to one another.
34
the figure- ground principle
see figures as being at the front of an image and others as falling into the background.
35
Perceptual set
it's a cognitive bias that affects the way people interpret things based on their expectations and past experiences.
36
fallability
the quality of being prone to error or experiencing difficulties in judgement.
37
perceptual distortion
an error in the judgement or interpretation of sensory stimuli.
38
visual illusion
the perception of a visual stimulus that conflicts with how it is in physical reality.
39
agnosia
a disorder involving the loss or impairment of the ability to recognise familiar stimuli through the use of one or more senses, despite the senses functioning normally otherwise. (neurolgical)
40
different kinds of agnosia
visual agnosia- eye gustatory agnosia- taste auditory agnosia- hearing tactile agnosia- touch olfactory agnosia- smell
41
apperceptive visual agnosia
the inability to generate holistic perceptions of visual info. this represents the failure of perception
42
associative visual agnosia
the inability to identify or recognise a visual stimulus. the perception is intact, but the ability to interpret this meaningfully is compromised.
43
gustatory perception
meaningfully interpreting sensations to generate taste
44
taste buds
taste buds are located around the papille (raised selections) on the tongue and contain taste receptors.
45
biological factors that affect taste
- age - genetics and taste
46
psychological factors that affect taste
- perceptual set - past experience - context - emotional state
47
social factors that affect taste
- culture
48
controlled process
a task that requires selective attention in order to be completed. usually the task is difficult or unfamiliar.
49
Automatic process
A task that allows divided attention in order to be completed. usually the task is easy or well-learned and requires little effort`
50
perception def:
becoming aware of something through our senses.
51
Sensation def:
the process of capturing stimuli from the environment by our sense organs
52
visual sensation
captured light info (electromagnetic energy) from the environment by the eye.
53
visual perception
meaningfully interpreting visual stimuli
54
Photoreceptor
a cell within the retina that responds to light
55
visible light spectrum
th range of frequencies of electromagnetic energy that can be sensed by the human eye.
56
depth perception
the ability to interpret the world as 3D
57
different gestalt principles:
- figure ground - closure - similarity proximity
58
Pictorial depth cues: linear perspective
Is based on the apparent convergence of parallel lines as the lines recede into the distance.
59
Pictorial depth cues: Relative size
Indicates that objects cast a larger retinal image when they are closer to the observer than when they are further away.
60
Pictorial depth cues: interposition (overlap)
Indicates that if one object partially obscure the retinal image of another object, then it must be closer to the observer.
61
Pictorial depth cues: texture gradient
Indicates that objects can be seen in finer detail and with greater clarity when they are closer to the observer than when they are further away.
62
Pictorial depth cues: Height in visual field
Indicates that objects that are closer to the horizon line ( from the ground up and from the sky down) are perceived as being further away from the observer.
63
Miraculin
A type of protein extracted from the miracle berry which alters taste perception in humans
64
Synaesthesia
a perceptual phenomenon characterised by the experience of unusual perceptions in one sensory system after another sensory system has been activated
65
internal stimuli
information or sensations that originate from within the body
66
external stimuli
information or sensations that originate from outside the body
67
multi tasking
the act of working on multiple tasks at one time
68
sensory stimuli
the raw pieces of information that are detected by the five senses
69
Visual sensory system 
the network that is involved in the sensation and perception of visual stimuli, including the eyes, the brain, and the neural pathways connecting them
70
Feature detectors
specialised cells along the neural pathway connecting to, and found within, the primary visual cortex
71
Tastants 
the sensory stimuli received in the form of chemical molecules that can be tasted
72
Gustatory receptors
the sensory receptors for taste
73
Primary gustatory cortex 
a sensory area in the parietal lobe responsible for receiving and processing tastes
74
spatial neglect
an inability to perceive, report, or orient sensory information located within one side of space
75
Refractory errors 
defects in the eye causing it not to bend light as it is supposed to, resulting in reduced visual acuity

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