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health unit 1 and 2 > unit 2 AOS 2: Health care > Flashcards

unit 2 AOS 2: Health care Flashcards

1
Q

what is biomedical model of health?

A

Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness, practiced by medical professionals for diagnosis, treatment, and cure.

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2
Q

what are 2 biomedical model of health characteristics?

A
  • model treats people once the symptoms of ill health are present.
  • relies on doctors, hospitals, pharmaceuticals and medical technology.
  • Individuals are the focus of the biomedical model.

Band aid – quick fix approach, examples include surgery, medication and x rays.

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3
Q

what are some 3 examples of biomedical model of health?

A
  • medicare
  • getting surgery
  • chemotherapy
  • x-rays
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4
Q

what are 3 advantages of biomedical model of health?

A
  • Many common problems can be effectively treated
  • Extends life expectancy
  • Improves quality of life
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5
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of biomedical model of health?

A

It doesn’t always promote good health
and wellbeing

Not every condition can be treated.

Can be costly due it being reliant on doctors and technology.

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6
Q

whats the social model of health?

A

The social model of health emphasizes that improving health and well-being requires addressing the physical, sociocultural, and political factors that affect individuals and communities.

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7
Q

what are the 5 principles of social model of health

A

Addresses the broader determinants of health: like cultural and ses factors

Acts to reduce social inequities

Empowers individuals and communities: Allows people to participate in decision making
around their health.

Acts to enable Access to health care: everyone can have access

Involves intersectoral collaboration: different sectors working together to achieve a common goal

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8
Q

what are 3 advantages of social model of health

A
  • promotes overall wellbeing
  • relatively inexpensive
  • Education can be passed on from generation to generation
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9
Q

what is medicare

A

It is Australia’s universal health- insurance scheme gives all Australian citizens, permanent residents and people from countries with a reciprocal agreement
access to health care that is subsidised by the government.

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10
Q

2 things that medicare cover?

A
  1. Such as x-rays and pathology such as blood tests.
  2. Eye tests performed by optometrists.
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11
Q

what are three things not covered by medicare?

A
  • cosmetic procedures
  • home nursing care or treatments
  • ambulance services.
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12
Q

what are three advantages to Medicare?

A
  • Available to all australian citizens
  • Reduces the cost for essential medical services including free treatment and accommodation in a public hospital.
  • choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services
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13
Q

What are three disadvantages of medicare?

A
  • No choice of doctors for in-hospital treatments.
  • Waiting lists for many treatments.
  • Often does not cover the full amount of a doctor’s visit.
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14
Q

What are three things that fund Medicare?

A

Medicare levy, medicare surcharge, general taxation

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15
Q

what is medicare levy

A

an additional tax of 2% placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers.

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16
Q

What is Medicare surcharge?

A

An additional tax placed on those earning over a certain amount who do not have private health insurance. (1-1.5%)

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17
Q

What is the Medicare safety net?

A

The Medicare Safety Net provides extra financial
assistance for those that incur significant out of
pocket costs for Medicare services.

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18
Q

What is the NDIS?

A

The NDIS is a national insurance scheme
that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers

Works to assist individuals with disabilities to live an ordinary life

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19
Q

Who funds the NDIS?

A

Federal and state/ territory government.

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20
Q

Whats the eligibility for the NDIS?

A

To be eligible for the NDIS, a person must be
aged under 65 and meet both the residency and
disability requirements.

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21
Q

What are two things that the NDIS do?

A

Access mainstream services and supports. (These are the services like doctors or teachers through the health and education systems)

Receive reasonable and necessary funded supports (carers and assistive technology etc mobility cane)

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21
Q

Whats the aim of the PBS and how do they do this?

A

The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

It aims to provide essential medicines regardless of the persons ability to pay for it. By subsidizing the medicines while the consumers make a co-payment.

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22
Q

Whats the PBS safety net?

A

The PBS Safety Net in Australia provides financial protection for those who require many prescription medications annually. When their spending on PBS-listed medicines reaches a set threshold within a year, they become eligible for further subsidies or free prescriptions, ensuring that individuals and families with ongoing medical needs do not face excessive out-of-pocket expenses.

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23
Q

What is private health insurance?

A

Is a form of insurance in which a member pays a premium (or fee) to the insurance company in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare.

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24
Q

What are three extras that might come in private health insurance?

A

dentists, physiotherapists, and natural therapists

24
Q

What are three advantages to Private Health Insurance

A
  • Enables access to private hospital care
  • Helps to keep the costs of operating Medicare under control
  • Choice of doctor while in a public or private hospital.
25
Q

What are two disadvantages to Private Health Insurance?

A
  • Costly in terms of the premiums that have to be paid.
  • Sometimes there are ‘Gap’ costs for the patient which means that insurance doesn’t cover the whole fee and the individual must pay the difference.
26
Q

What are some incentives to Private Health Insurance?

A

Private health insurance rebate, Life time cover, medicare levy surcharge, age based discount.

27
Q

What is medicare levy surcharge?

A

People earning more than $90 000($180 000 for families) a year pay an extra 1 –1.5% of their income as a Medicare surcharge if they do not purchase private
health insurance.

This encourages high income earners to take out private health insurance.

28
Q

what is private health insurance rebate?

A

Under this scheme, policy holders receive a 30 per cent rebate (or refund) on their premiums for private
health insurance.

29
Q

What is lifetime cover?

A

People who take up private insurance after the
age of 31 pay an extra two per cent on their
premiums for every year they are over the age of
30.

This encourages younger people to take up
private health insurance.

30
Q

What is the ottawa charter?

A

Is an an approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health.

The Ottawa Charter is a framework to guide
Health Promotion Strategies

30
Q

What is Health promotion?

A

the process of enabling people to increase
control over, and to improve, their health

31
Q

What are the five Ottawa Charter Action Areas?

A

Build Healthy Public Policy

Create Supportive Environments

Strengthen Community Action

Develop Personal Skills

Reorient Health Services

(Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats)

32
Q

What is Build Healthy Public Policy and a example?

A

Relates directly to the decisions made
by government and organisations
regarding laws and policies that affect
health and wellbeing.

Smoking free zones

33
Q

What is create supportive environments?

A

A supportive environment is one that
promotes health and wellbeing by
being safe, stimulating, satisfying
and enjoyable.

Aims to promote a healthy physical and
sociocultural environment for all

Programs such as quitline.

34
Q

what is Strengthen Community
Action and a example?

A

It’s about connecting people within a community and working together for a shared goal. When the community feels like they own the project, it’s more likely to be successful.

Example: Government Immunisation Strategy, to promote immunisation rates.

35
Q

What is develop personal skills and example?

A

It means learning about health and life skills so that people can make smart choices that can indirectly impact their health and wellbeing.
Example: Cooking class

36
Q

What is reorient health services and a example?

A

Reorienting health systems means focusing on promoting health and wellbeing, not just diagnosing and treating illnesses, which is what the traditional biomedical model does.

Examples: Doctors taking role of educator.

37
Q

what are conventional medical services and a example?

A

generally support people in taking care of their physical and mental health and wellbeing though clinics and psychologist.

38
Q

How does conventional medical services improve health and wellbeing?

A

People can access counselors or psychologists that can reduce stress levels (mental health and wellbeing)

39
Q

What is Maternal and Child Health Service?

A

provided by the government to support families in
parenting and development of children from birth to primary school.

39
Q

How does Maternal and Child Health Service improve health and wellbeing?

A

The mother can express her fears and
concerns and gain knowledge about her
child, including what is within the
normal range of development, which
helps to reduce her stress and anxiety
(mental health and wellbeing)

39
Q

How does sporting and other recreational clubs improve health and wellbeing?

A

Being part of a sporting club or other recreational
association provides many people with a strong sense of belonging ( spiritual health and wellbeing)

40
Q

How does head space improve health and wellbeing?

A

young people can address issues of identity (spiritual health and wellbeing)

41
Q

How does places of worship improve health and wellbeing?

A

Places of worship can provide a purpose and
meaning for many people and this supports
spiritual health and wellbeing.

42
Q

How does Volunteer organisations improve health and wellbeing?

A

Physical health and wellbeing is supported
by ensuring that they have nutritional meals provided if they cannot cook for themselves. This ensures that the elderly do not lose weight.

43
Q

What is Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights and the aim?

A

It outlines the rights of the people using the
Australian healthcare system.
The aim of the charter is to allow patients to have a common understanding of the rights of people receiving healthcare.

44
Q

What are three rights of the patient?

A
  1. Know the cost of the treatment
  2. information about their diagnosis
  3. care and support from allied health professionals
45
Q

What are three responsibility of the patient?

A
  1. Treat medical staff with respect
  2. provide information about their past and present illnesses, hospitalisations, medications and other matters relating to their health history
  3. ask questions when they do not understand explanations given about the risks and
    benefits of the proposed healthcare, treatments or procedures
46
Q

What are the three guiding principles of the Australian Charter of Healthcare
Rights

A

*
Everyone has the right to be able to access healthcare and this right is essential for the Charter to be meaningful.

The Australian government commits to international
agreements about human rights, which recognise everyone’s right to have the highest possible standard of physical and mental health and wellbeing.

Australia is a society made up of people with different cultures and ways of life, and the Charter acknowledges and respects
these differences.

47
Q

what is medical confidentiality?

A

is a set of rules that means that anything discussed between a doctor and patient must be kept private.

48
Q

What is privacy in health care?

A

healthcare means that what a patient tells their
doctor, any information the doctor stores, medications prescribed and any other personal information is kept private.

49
Q

What are the Exemptions to privacy laws

A

when the patient threatens to harm others or themselves.
when the information will reduce or prevent a serious threat to public health or safety (e.g. warning the public if there is an outbreak of a serious contagious illness).

50
Q

How can geographical location act as a barrier to accessing health care services?

A

People living in rural and remote areas also have less access to;
1. Ambulance services (often requiring Royal Flying Doctor Service)
2. Hospitals
3. Preventative healthcare ie; Cancer screenings

51
Q

How can SES act as a barrier to accessing health care services?

A

Having a low income can limit the individual to purchase appropriate medication.
Long hours of work can hinder a person to access treatment outside of work hours.

52
Q

How can cultural factors act as a barrier to accessing health care services?

A

Language barriers

53
Q

How can gender act as a barrier to accessing health care services?

A

Traditional view of masculinity including ‘self
reliance’ and ‘coping with pain’

54
Q

what is Addresses the broader
determinants of health ?

A

Believes that behavioural determinants (e.g.
tobacco smoking) are often influenced by
other ‘broader’ determinants such as culture,
gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status,

55
Q

what is Acts to Reduce social
inequities

A

The sociocultural factors that contribute to inequities
in health status must be addressed.

56
Q

what is

A

health unit 1 and 2 (5 decks)

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