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Health and Human Development UNIT1 > Unit 2, AOS1 > Flashcards

Unit 2, AOS1 Flashcards

1
Q

The Human Lifespan

A

Consists of orderly, predictable stages that begin at conception and end with death.

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2
Q

What is a milestone?

A

A significant event that occur in certain stages of life.

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3
Q

Prenatal

A

From fertilisation to birth.
- Development of body organs and structures.
- Substantial growth, is the fastest growth period in a human’s life-span stages.

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4
Q

Infancy

A

Birth - 2 years.
- Rapid growth.
- Basic motor skills.

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5
Q

Early childhood

A

2 - 6 years.
- Slow and steady growth.
- Learn social skills (and more) and make friends.

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6
Q

Late childhood

A

6 - 12 years.
- Slow and steady growth.
- Many physical, social, emotional and intellectual changes.

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7
Q

Youth

A

12 - 18 years.
- Rapid growth.
- Independence.
- Sexual maturity (puberty)
- Life goals.

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8
Q

Early Adulthood

A

18 - 40 years.
- Career decisions.
- Marriage + children.
- Body reaches physical peak 25-30.
- Maintenance and repair.

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9
Q

Middle Adulthood

A

40 - 65 years.
- Stability in work and relationships.
- Development of identity.
- Financial security.
- Physical signs of aging.

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10
Q

Late Adulthood

A

65 - death.
- Retirement.
- Reflection on life and achievements.
- Greif associated with the death of friends/spouse.

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11
Q

Factors influencing perceptions

A
  • Person values.
  • Past experiences.
  • Media portray of age group.
  • Own experiences in the stage of life-span.
  • Other peoples opinions.
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12
Q

Negative + positive perceptions of youth.

A

Positive Image: Positive and ambitious.
Negative Image: Lazy and selfish.
Positive social context: opportunities.
Negative social context: devalued.

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13
Q

Youth perceptions on older generations.

A
  • Incapable of doing simple tasks/
  • Oldfashioned.
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14
Q

What is development?

A

Orderly predictable changes that occur from conception to death.

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15
Q

What are the different types of development?

A
  • Physical.
  • Social.
  • Emotional.
  • Interllectual.
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16
Q

Physical development.

A

Changes that occur to the body and it’s systems.
eg. puberty.

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17
Q

Physical development includes:

A
  • Growth.
  • Changes to the body’s systems.
  • Motor skill development.
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18
Q

Growth.

A

The changes in the body are mainly due to an increase in the number and size of body cells.

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19
Q

Changes to the body systems.

A

Changes to the structure and function of the body systems.

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20
Q

Motor skills.

A

Control of muscles.
- Fine and Gross

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21
Q

Fine Motor skills.

A

Movements that involve small muscle groups.
- Writing and using scissors.

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22
Q

Gross Motor skills.

A

Movements that involve large muscle groups.
- Walking, throwing and kicking.

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23
Q

Growth spurt for males and females.

A

Female: 16cm taller and 16kg.
Male: 20cm taller and 20kg.

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24
Q

Reproductive system

A

The most prominent changes in the youth stages are changes to the sex organs and their function.

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25
Q

Primary sex characteristics.

A

Parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction.
eg. Hips Widen, changes to the uterus, penis and testes.

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26
Q

Secondary sex characteristics.

A

Change arises in both males and females at puberty. Not directly related to reproduction.
eg. Oily skin, changes in height.

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27
Q

Female reproduction system.

A
  • Ovary.
  • Fallopian tube.
  • Uterus.
  • Cervix.
  • Vagina.
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28
Q

Male reproductive system.

A
  • Vas deferens.
  • Prostate gland.
  • Seminal Vesicle.
  • Epididymis.
  • Testicle.
  • Scrotum.
  • Urethra.
  • Penis.
29
Q

The menstrual cycle:

A

Stage 1: Menstruation.
- Period. 3-7 days.
Stage 2: Pre-ovulation.
- Period over; living of uterus gets thicker. 6-7days.
Stage 3: Ovulation.
- Release of mature egg into the fallopian tube. Day 14.
Stage 4: Post-ovulation.
- Uterus ready to receive an egg, if not fertilised lining of the uterus will break therefore period.

30
Q

Intellectual development

A

Increase in complexity of processes in the brain such as thought, knowledge and memory.

31
Q

Different types of Intellectual development

A
  • Knowledge and Memory.
  • Language.
  • Though patterns and problem-solving.
  • Creativity and imagination.
  • Attention.
32
Q

Knowledge and Memory.

A

Knowledge becomes more complex as individuals develop and the ability to recall information changes.
In youth:
- Education and employment; may learn strategies to recall information.

33
Q

Language.

A

Develops throughout the lifespan from sounds to words to sentences.
In youth:
- Meaning of words through reading, communication and exposure to media.

34
Q

Thought patterns and problem-solving.

A

How an individual thinks changes as they develop from concrete to abstract thought.
In youth:
Brain structure matures and abstract thoughts develop—problem-solving from past experiences.

35
Q

Creativity and Imagination.

A

Essential for optimal development, pretend playing and making up stories.
In Youth:
An increase in thought patterns increases imagination, through dancing, singing etc.

36
Q

Attention

A

Ability to focus on one aspect of the environment and ignore others.
In Youth:
The ability to retain attention develops in youth, especially if an individual develops an interest.

37
Q

Emotional Development.

A

Experiencing the full range of emotions, the increase in complexity of expressing emotions and the development of self-concept and resilience.

38
Q

Types of emotional development

A
  • Self-concept.
  • Experiencing a full range of emotions.
  • Appropriate ways of experiencing emotions.
  • Building resilience.
39
Q

Self-concept

A

How an individual sees themself.
In Youth:
They develop beliefs and values that are important to them, as well as build an understanding of who they are.

40
Q

Experiencing a full range of emotions.

A

Increased independence means they take on more responsibilities and experience a variety of emotions from positive to negative.

41
Q

Appropriate ways of experiencing emotions.

A

When youth get older they develop an understanding of their emotions, being able to recognise, express and regulate their emotions.

42
Q

Build resilience.

A

Life experiences lead to developing greater resilience to a certain range of emotions.
Effectively deal with negative events that occur throughout life.

43
Q

Social development.

A

Increased complexity of behavioural patterns used in relationships with other people.

44
Q

Types of social development

A
  • Behaviours.
  • Social roles and expectations.
  • Communication.
  • Relationship skills.
45
Q

Behaviours

A

Strive for independence and identity. They are also influenced by peer groups, where their behaviours can be influenced, therefore taking more risks.
Behave appropriately to certain social situations.

46
Q

Social roles and expectations.

A

Develop more social roles as they become independent, such as the role of an employee.
Gender roles too.
Acting appropriately in given situations.

47
Q

Relationship skills.

A

Ability to form meaningful relationships.
Different opinions and expectations lead to conflict in relationships.

48
Q

Communication.

A

Ability to clearly and effectively communicate.
Communication skills, gain independence through social media.

49
Q

Relationship meaning.

A

The connection between 2 or more people or groups.
Complex or dynamic.
Belonging and connectedness.

50
Q

Different types of relationships.

A
  • Family.
  • Friendships.
  • Intimate.
  • Online.
  • Teacher / Coach.
  • Professional.
51
Q

Family relationship.

A

Provide love, support and care. They guide us through life.
Parenting Styles:
Authoritarian - Follow rules without question. Punishment and no negotiation.
Authoritative - Rules but allow exceptions. Use consequences.
Permissive - Role of a friend than a parent.
Uninvolved - Show little interest in child lives.

52
Q

Friendship relationships.

A

Common interests + can be long-lasting or short.
Help develop an understanding of the world outside of the family.
Help with decisions.
Good or bad influence.

53
Q

Online relationships.

A

Development of social networking, and maintain relationships through online communication - staying in touch.

54
Q

Intimate relationships.

A

Involve strong emotions. Romantic feelings - not always sexual.
Characteristics of intimate relationships differ for everyone and depend on values.
Consent is key for both parties!

55
Q

Teacher/Coach relationship

A

Significant roles in our life.
Mentors can provide role models - both positive and negative.

56
Q

Professional relationship

A

Relationship with co-workers.
Open and supportive and based on similar goals. As well as good communication.

57
Q

Characteristics of healthy relationships.

A

 Respect
 Trust
 Honesty
 Loyalty
 Empathy
 Safety
 Equality

58
Q

Respect

A

Consideration for others’ feelings, and value each other’s opinions.

59
Q

Trust

A

Reliable and dependent, feeling physically and emotionally safe.

60
Q

Honesty

A

Truth and no secrets.

61
Q

Loyalty

A

Provide support and consistency through challenging times.

62
Q

Empathy

A

Understand/feel what the other is experiencing.

63
Q

Safety

A

Feeling emotionally (trust people with feelings) and physically safe.

64
Q

Equality

A

Valued and able to give and take in a relationship.

65
Q

Communication

A

Verbal + non-verbal.
- Make eye contact.
- Ask relevant questions.
- Speak at an appropriate volume.
- Maintain appropriate distance.
- Show interest.
- Use spoken + body language.

66
Q

Characteristics of unhealthy or toxic relationships.

A
  • Feeling uncomfortable.
  • Put down by others.
  • Not feeling appreciated.
  • Unequal.
  • Being embarrassed or bullied.
  • Feeling scared and vulnerable.
67
Q

How do Healthy Relationships affect
Health and Wellbeing?

A

Physical - Don’t suffer abuse.
Social - Interact positively with each other.
Emotional - Recognise emotions,
Mental - share anxiety and feel supported.
Spiritual - Connectedness.

68
Q

The impact of healthy relationships on development

A

Physical - Fine and motor skills.
Social - Communication skills.
Emotional - express emotions and build resilience.
Intellectual - Learning, creativity and problem-solving.

69
Q

Abuse in relationships.

A

Physical - Kicking.
Sexual - Unwanted touching.
Emotional - Repeated insults.

Health and Human Development UNIT1 (5 decks)

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