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VCE 1/2 Biology > Unit 2: AoS2 > Flashcards

Unit 2: AoS2 Flashcards

1
Q

Fission

A

A single unicellular parent organism divides into 2 approximately equal parts that become new individuals.

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2
Q

Budding

A
  • An outgrowth or bud that forms from the parent and becomes a new individual
  • Cytoplasm is unevenly split
    EXAMPLES: yeast, hydra, sponges
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3
Q

Fragmentation

A
  • Multicellular parent body breaks into 2 parts which each develop into a new individual.
  • Works best in organisms with simple body systems or ones that are spread throughout the body
    EXAMPLES: flatworms, echinoderms, marine worms
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4
Q

Spore formation

A
  • Spores are formed by mitosis.
  • Capable of germinating into a new organism.
  • Coated in a tough outer layer to help them survive harsh conditions.
    EXAMPLES: mould, moss, ferns
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5
Q

Vegetative propagation

A

New plants develop from the roots, stems or leaves of parent plant.
EXAMPLES: strawberry runners

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6
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
  • The development of a female gamete without fertilisation.
  • Only possible in female parent organisms.
  • This is in organisms that can still produce sexually.
    EXAMPLES:komodo dragons, geckos, hammerhead sharks
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7
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • Efficient reproduction
  • Uses less time and energy
  • Can increase population size rapidly in optimal conditions
  • No need to find sexual partner
  • Offspring are well suited to environment as are genetically identical
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8
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • Overcrowding and competition for resources if population growth is too rapid
  • Susceptible to environmental change
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9
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Fusing of 2 gametes- haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes to form a new individual that is genetically different to its parents

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10
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • Each gamete is genetically unique with a different combination of alleles
  • This allows population to adapt and survive changing environments
  • Quality over quantity- can eliminate undesirable traits
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11
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • Slower reproduction
  • Recombination may break apart desirable alleles
  • Requires mating partner
  • Takes more time and energy
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12
Q

Cuttings and grafts

A

Cuttings
- taking a section of a mother plant and it will grow into a clone
Grafts
- part of a stem from one plant is transferred to the rootstock of another plant

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13
Q

Tissue culture

A
  • Fragments or single cells are selected from a parent plant and grown in a nutrient and hormone rich culture medium.
  • Grows into plantlets which are clones of the parent plant.
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14
Q

Embryo splitting

A
  • Based on the natural embryo splitting that forms identical twins.
  • IVF is used to harvest eggs then fertilise in a petri dish.
  • Embryos are split in early stages of development and implanted into surrogates.
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15
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

Nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg and replaced with the nucleus from an adult somatic cell. The egg is then transplanted into a surrogate. The offspring will be identical to the donor of the somatic cell.

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16
Q

Issues with cloning

A
  • Susceptibility to disease
  • High failure rate
  • Adverse health effects
  • Premature ageing
  • Cloned food products may contain allergens
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17
Q

Gene pool

A

All genes and alleles in an interbreeding population

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18
Q

Selective advantage

A

Advantages in a species in a specific area

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19
Q

Genetic flow

A

Migration leading to new genes and alleles in a gene pool

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20
Q

Founder effect

A

Organisms arriving in a place they weren’t previously

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21
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Small amounts of a population left, affects randomly, shrinking gene pool. e.g seasonal climate change, heavy predation/ disease, natural disaster

22
Q

Genetic equilibrium

A

A theoretical point where all members of a population have an equal chance of contributing to the gene pool

23
Q

Causes of genetic variation

A
  • Mutations (different genetic sequences) causing genotypic changes, therefore phenotypic changes
  • Sexual reproduction through independent assortment and crossing over
  • Environmental factors interacting with genes
  • Selection pressures
24
Q

Genetic drift

A

Change in frequency of alleles from generation to generation caused by chance

25
Process of natural selection
1. Variation of a trait in a population 2. Struggle for survival/ selection pressure 3. Survival advantage 4. Reproduction from surviving individuals makes advantageous trait more common
26
Fragmented population
Populations separated by things like habitat loss
27
Consequences of low genetic diversity
- Loss of evolutionary potential and increased risk of extinction - Inability to adapt to new environmental climate - Disease Inbreeding depression
28
Types of adaptations
- Structural- anatomy - Physiological- bodily functions - Behavioural- organisms activity
29
Abiotic factors
The non-living factors that impact on the survival of an organism in its environment EXAMPLES: water, temperature, pH, salinity
30
Biotic factors
The living factors that impact on the survival of an organism in its environment EXAMPLES: competition, predators, parasites
31
Tropisms
- Growth response- physiological - Positive tropism- towards stimulus - Negative tropism- away from stimulus EXAMPLES: phototropism, geotropism, chemotropism, thigmotropism, hydrotropism
32
Nastic movements
Movement in response to environmental stimulus, but is independent from direction of stimulus. e.g photonasty, thigmonasty, thermonasty
33
Counter-current exchange
Physiological adaptation often present in flippers, feet, tails of marine animals. Cold blood (in veins) passes by warmer blood (in arteries) thus absorbing heat through concentration gradient. The heated blood travels back to the heart maintaining body temp.
34
Camoflage
Physiological- Animals blend in with certain aspects of their environment to increase chance of survival either to hide from prey or prey so they get close to you.
35
Bioluminescence
Physiological- Light is produced as a result of a chemical reaction to attract attention, lure prey or frighten predators
36
Torpor
Physiological- Organism lowers its metabolic rate to save energy, usually to survive difficult conditions, like cold or lack of food. Hibernation- prolonged period of torpor over winter Aestivation- prolonged period of torpor over summer to survive high temperatures and scarce water
37
Adaptations in arid environments
- Evaporative cooling behaviours - Basking in the sun - Seeking shade/ shelter - Living in a burrow - Nocturnal activity
38
Individual
One of a species
39
Population
All individuals of a species in a specific location
40
Community
All populations of species in a specific location
41
Ecosystem
All living and non-living things in a specific location
42
Biome
Type of ecosystem e.g desert, rainforest
43
Niche
The role of a species in an ecosystem. It consists of: - It's role in the ecosystem e.g herbivore - It's tolerance limits - It's requirements for shelter, nesting sites throughout the year If there is too much overlap in species niches, they leave or evolve
44
Symbiosis
A close and long-term biological relationship between 2 different biological organisms.
45
Mutualism
Both partners benefit Obligate: each species is entirely dependant on the other Facultative: Each species benefits, but not needed for survival
46
Commensalism
One organism benefits while the other is unaffected
47
Parasitism
A non-mutual relationship between 2 organisms. One species, the parasite benefits at the expense of the host
48
Amensalism
An individual species harms another without obtaining benefit- accident
49
Predation
A predator (hunting organism) feeds on its prey
50
Keystone species
An organism that plays a unique and crucial role in maintaining the structure of a community. Without them, the ecosystem would be very different or not exist
51
Processes affecting population size
1. Natality 2. Mortality 3. Immigration 4. Emigration
52
Adaptations in arctic environments
- Huddling - Migration- moving large distances to seek better food availability or breeding grounds

VCE 1/2 Biology (4 decks)

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