Unit 2 AP Psych Flashcards by Zahria Montgomery

Receives information coming from the neuron

Dendrites

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Contains genetic information and maintains the cell’s structure

Cell Body (Soma)

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Passes information to other neurons, muscles, and glands

Axon

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Insulates the axon, helps impulses

Myelin Sheath

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the branched end of the axon that contains the neurotransmitters

Axon Terminals

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the imbalance of electrical charges that exists between the interior of electrically excitable neurons (nerve cells) and their surroundings

Resting Potential

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neural impulses that occur when a neuron sends information down an axon

Action Potential

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the lowest point at which a particular stimulus will cause a response in an organism

Threshold

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the time when the neuron can’t re-fire, it needs to be recharged

Refractory Period

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chemical messengers released from axon terminals, travel across synaptic gap (synapse), bind at receptor site on dendrites, triggers action potential if threshold is reached

Axon Terminals

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Endorphind, Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Acetylcholine, Glutamate, GABA (Examples of…)

Neurotransmitters

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Released in response to pain and vigorous exercise, linked to pain and pleasure(neurotransmitter)

Endorphins

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Controls motor movement (neurotransmitter)

Dopamine

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Results of too much or too little dopamine

Too Much: Schizophrenia, Too little: Parkinson’s and decreased mobility

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Controls mood (neurotransmitter)

Serotonin

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Too much serotonin linked with…

Serotonin syndrome

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Too little serotonin linked to…

Clinical Depression

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Influences alertness and arousal, undersupply can depress mood (neurotransmitter)

Norepinephrine

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enables cognitive skill, learning, and memory (neurotransmitter)

Acetylcholine

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Too Little Acetylcholine linked to

Alzheimer’s

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Has several types of receptors found throughout the nervous system, metabolism is important to maintaining optimum levels in the brain, important to memory, cognition, and memory regulation (neurotransmitter)

Glutamate

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amino acid that reduces neuronal excitability by inhabiting nerve transmission, associated with anxiety, fear, and stress

GABA

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compose of the brain and spinal cord (including all nerves within our bones)

Central Nervous System

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all other nerves in the body not apart of the brain and spinal cord, links the CNS to the rest of the body

Peripheral Nervous System

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part of the peripheral nervous system; controls voluntary movement through skeletal muscles

Somatic Nervous System

part of the peripheral nervous system; controls automatic functions of the body (heartbeat)

Autonomic Nervous System

part of the autonomic nervous system; mobilizes our body's response to stress (fight or flight response, arousal)

Sympathetic Nervous System

part of the autonomic nervous system; slows down our body after responding to stress, calming

Parasympathetic Nervous System

take information from the senses to the brain (type of neuron)

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

take information from the brain to the senses (type of neuron)

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

located in the CNS, communicate between sensory inputs and motor outputs (type of neuron)

Interneurons

a series of x-rays taken from different angles and combined by computer to show complete representation of the brain

CT Scan

a technique that uses a magnetic field to send radio frequencies through the brain, computer measures how these signals interact with brain cells, the computer transforms the interactions into detailed images of the structure of the brain

MRI

records waves of electrical activity across the brain's surface, uses electrodes

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

slightly radioactive solution injected into blood and amount of radiation absorbed by brain cells, computer transforms absorption into colors that indicate neuron activity

PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)

technique for revealing the blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans

fMRI

includes the upper part of the spinal cord, the brainstem, and cerebellum, controls vital functions like respiration and heart rate (brain structure)

Hindbrain

bottom-most part of the brain, part of brainstem, controls blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing

Medulla

part of brainstem, links to spinal cord, controls facial expression and unconscious processes

Pons

connects spinal cord and encephalon, controls body arousal and ability to focus

Reticular Formation

sensory switchboard in forebrain

Thalamus

emotional center and drives contract abstract though, planning emotion, and judgment

Limbic system

controls hunger/thirst, sexual arousal, and body temperature(limbic system)

hypothalamus

controls formation of new memories (limbic system)

hippocampus

controls emotions (limbic system)

amygdala

controls abstract thought, planning, emotion, judgment, and decision (4 lobes)

frontal lobe

located at the rear of the frontal lobe and controls voluntary movements

motor cortex

controls speech production (association area)

Broca's Area

causes impaired use of language

Broca's aphasia

contains sensory cortex and receives touch sensations (4 lobes)

Parietal Lobe

the area at the front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body sensations

Somatosensory Cortex

back of brain, controls visual cortex (optical)

Occipital Lobe

receives segments and integrates visual information

Visual Cortex

processes sounds, receives and processes contents of sound, music, or voices

Temporal Lobe, Auditory Cortex

controls language comprehension

Wernicke's Area

disables the ability to understand language

Wernicke's Aphasia

any areas of the cerebral cortex that don't control muscle movements or receive sensory information, involve higher mental functions(learning, remembering, speaking, thinking)

Association Areas

connection between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Corpus Callosum

Why do they cut the corpus callosum?

to reduce seizures in patients with uncontrollable epilepsy

slow messenger system, made up of glands

Endocrine System

controls adrenaline production

adrenal gland

slow down the CNS and calm neural activity (ex. alcohol)

depressants

speed up the CNS and excite neural activity (example:cocaine)

stimulants

24 hr sleep/wake cycle that allows for human alertness

circadian rhythm

the actual storyline of dreams

Manifest Content

"dreams are meaningless and random images created by the brainstem"

Activation-Synthesis Theory

characterized by problems falling or staying asleep, most common sleep disorder (Treatment: reduce caffeine, exercise during the day, consistent sleep pattern)

Insomnia

characterized by suffering from periods of intense sleepiness, absence of alertness (Treatment: medications and naps during the day)

Narcolepsy

characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep, causes person to wake slightly and gasp for air, causes tiredness and can interfere with attention and memory (Treatment: sleep with respiration machine)

Sleep Apnea

characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified in first few hours of sleep during stage 3, most common in children

Night Terrors

a disturbing dream that evokes negative feelings

Nightmares

slows the function of the CNS, and can cause slurred speech, weakness, and slowed breathing (alcohol and barbiturates)

Depressants

type of depressants, very addictive, quickly develop a tolerance, withdrawal is very painful (opium and heroin)

Opiates

speed up the function of the CNS, can cause disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, anxiety, heart problems, irritability, and depression (Cocaine and Ecstasy)

Stimulants

change the perception of reality and evoke images in the absence of sensory input, stays in the body for a month or more, affects memory and emotions vary (Marijuana and LSD)

Hallucinogens

the info about yourself and your environment you are currently aware of

Conscious Level

info not in your conscious level but that could be in your conscious level

Preconscious Level

info we aren't consciously aware of but we must know exists

Subconscious

believe that some events, feelings, emotions, and issues are unacceptable to our conscious mind

Unconscious Level

characterized by mild hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) called hypnagogic sensations

Stage 1 of Sleep

characterized by sleep spindles (short bursts of rapid brain waves), asleep but can be easily awakened

Stage 2 of Sleep

slowers delta waves/deeper sleep, difficulty to wake up, sleep walking and talking, bedwetting, brain can respond to particular stimuli

Stage 3 of Sleep

detailed dreams happen, rapid breathing and heartbeat, genital arousal, face/fingers/legs twitch, muscles virtually paralyzed

Stage 4 of Sleep