UNIT 2 - Articulations

Question 1

Joint (articulation)

Answer 1

point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth
-movement is not necessary

Question 2

Functional Classification of joints

Answer 2

based on type of movement (degree) they allow

-further subdivided on basis of anatomical structure of the joint or range of motion permitted

Question 3

synarthrosis

Answer 3

immovable joint; fibrous or cartilaginous depending on the nature of the connection, over time they might fuse

Question 4

amphiarthrosis

Answer 4

slightly movable

fibrous or cartilagenous depending on the nature of the connection of the opposing bones

Question 5

diarthrosis

Answer 5

freely movable joint
(cavity between bones surrounded by capsule, all of these joints are SYNOVIAL JOINTS, are subdivided into the amount or range of motion permitted)

Question 6

Structural Classification

Answer 6

based on anatomical characteristics of two criteria
1. presences or absence of a space between the articulating bones
2. type of CT that binds the bones together
BONY FUSION, FIBROUS JOINTS, CARTILAGENOUS JOINGS, SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Question 7

FB JOINT: SUTURE

Answer 7

unites bones of the skull

- irregular interlocking edges of sutures provide added strength and decreases the chance of fracture

Question 8

FB JOINT: SYNDESMOSIS

Answer 8

• there is greater distance between the articulating bones and more fibrous CT
• Fibrous CT arranged either as a bundle (ligament) or as a sheet (interosseous membrane)

Question 9

FB JOINT: GOMPHOSES

Answer 9

cone shaped peg fits into a socket

ex: roots of teeth with sockets of alveolar processes of maxillae and mandible

Question 10

Fibrous Joints

Answer 10

• held together by fibrous CT rich in collagen fibers
• lack synovial cavity
• permit little or no movement

Question 11

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 11

• bones held together by cartilage

- lack synovial cavity

Question 12

CG JOINT: Synchondroses

Answer 12

• rigid cartilaginous joints in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage
  (ex: epiphyseal plate, joint between first rib and manubrium of sternum)

Question 13

CG JOINT: Symphysis

Answer 13

ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but the bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage
(all occur @ midline of the body)

Question 14

Synovial Joints

Answer 14

• have synovial cavity
• united by dense irregular CT of an articular capsule and also by accessory ligaments
• shapes of articulating surfaces vary
• divided into 6 types:
  1. Planar
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Condyloid
  5. Ball
  6. Socket

Question 15

meniscus

Answer 15

pad of fibrocartilage between opposing bones within a synovial joint

Question 16

fat pads

Answer 16

localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane

Question 17

ligmanets

Answer 17

capsule that surrounds the entire joint is continuous with the periostea of the articulating bones

Question 18

gliding motion

Answer 18

movement of relatively flat bone surfaces band and forth and from side to side over one another

Question 19

angular

Answer 19

increase or decrease in angle between bones

Question 20

flexion

Answer 20

decrease in angel between articulating bones (usually in sagittal plan/ anterior-posterior plane)

Question 21

lateral flexion

Answer 21

movement of trunk in frontal plane

Question 22

extension

Answer 22

increase in angel between articulating bones

*exept for ankle joint, extension returns you to anatomical position

Question 23

hyperextension

Answer 23

extension beyond anatomical position

Question 24

abduction

Answer 24

movement of a bone away from the midline

spreading fingers

Question 25

adduction

Answer 25

movement of bone toward midline

Question 26

cirumduction

Answer 26

flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succession, in which the distal end of a body part moves in a circle

Question 27

rotation

Answer 27

movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis - in limbs may be medial or lateral - pivot and ball and socket joints permit rotation

Question 28

elevation

Answer 28

superior movement of a body part

Question 29

depression

Answer 29

inferior movement of a body part

Question 30

protraction

Answer 30

anterior movement of a body part in transverse plane

Question 31

retraction

Answer 31

posterior movement of a body in transverse plane

Question 32

inversion

Answer 32

medial movement of the soles so that they face eachother

Question 33

eversion

Answer 33

later movement of the soles so that they face away from each other

Question 34

dorsiflexion

Answer 34

bending the food in the direction of the dorsum

Question 35

plantar flexion

Answer 35

being the food in the direction of the sole (tiptoe)

Question 36

supination

Answer 36

movement of the forearm that turns the palm anteriorly or superiorly

Question 37

pronation

Answer 37

movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly or inferiorly from anterior

Question 38

opposition

Answer 38

movement of the thumb across the palm to touch fingertips on the same hand (allows us to grasp and hold objects between our thumb and palm)

Question 39

gliding joint

Answer 39

articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved | - permit side to side and back and forth movement