Unit 2: Basic Chemistry and Biological Macromolecules

Question 1

basic unit of matter

Answer 1

atom

Question 2

Attractions between atoms that hold atoms and molecules together

Answer 2

chemical bonds

Question 3

strongest chemical bond. Electrons are shared.

Answer 3

covalent bonds

Question 4

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. How strongly does an atom attract bonding electrons to itself?

Answer 4

Electronegativity

Question 5

Subatomic particle, located in shells on the outside of the nucleus, has a negative charge

Answer 5

Electron

Question 6

Weak chemical bond. Occurs between atoms in different molecules or parts of molecules. Weak electrostatic attraction between areas of molecules with opposite partial charges.

Answer 6

Hydrogen bonds

Question 7

Moderately strong chemical bond. Occurs between atoms in the same molecule. Electrons transfer from one atom to another.

Answer 7

Ionic Bonds

Question 8

Subatomic particle, located in the nucleus, with a positive charge. Mass of one amu.

Answer 8

proton

Question 9

Subatomic particle, electrically neutral, located in the nucleus. Mass of one amu

Answer 9

Neutron

Question 10

The attraction between water molecules and other molecules.

Answer 10

adhesion

Question 11

Water molecules are attracted to each other, keeping the molecules together.

Answer 11

cohesion

Question 12

Substances that will dissolve in water. Polar. They split into positive and negative ions and dissolve in water. Examples: sugars and alcohols.

Answer 12

hydrophillic

Question 13

Substances that do not dissolve in water. Non-polar. Examples: hydrocarbons and fatty acids.

Answer 13

hydrophobic

Question 14

The capacity of a liquid’s surface to resist being ruptured when placed under tension or stress.

Answer 14

surface tension

Question 15

dissolved substance

Answer 15

solute

Question 16

Homogeneous mixtures, with 2 components: solvent and solutes.

Answer 16

solutions

Question 17

dissolving substance

Answer 17

solvent

Question 18

Building block of proteins. A small organic chemical that is made up of four parts. One end has nitrogen-amino group, other end has carboxylic acid groups linked by a single carbon atom called the alpha carbon, and the variable ‘R group’ also attached to the alpha carbon.

Answer 18

amino acid

Question 19

Biological macromolecule. Sugars. Essential for energy storage, cellular communication and structural support. Store energy; provide structural support; facilitate communication

Answer 19

carbohydrates

Question 20

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by accelerating the rate at which chemical reactions take place in a cell. Ex: Amylase protein.

Answer 20

enzyme

Question 21

aldohexose monosaccharide (chemical formula: C6H12O6) that is ubiquitous in nature, and functions primarily as the main source of metabolic energy (the main substrate in glycolysis) in living things.

Answer 21

glucose

Question 22

Molecules like water, oxygen gas, carbon dioxide, and ionic salts. Relatively stable, simple, and store little chemical energy.

Answer 22

inorganic molecules

Question 23

Biological macromolecules. Fatty acids. Essential for energy storage and maintaining a boundary between the living organism and its environment. Provide energy (long term); serve as structural components of membranes

Answer 23

lipids

Question 24

monomer

Answer 24

A monomer unit and monomer have the same meaning. We can define “monomer” in biology as any of those organic compounds that can react with other similar compounds to form a very large molecule (known as a polymer).

Question 25

Simple sugars. 1 sugar subunit. Glucose: many plants and fruits, honey, sports drinks. Fructos: fruit, honey, sweetener in many processed foods.

Answer 25

monosaccharide

Question 26

Any molecule that contains a carbon to hydrogen covalent bond. Often complex and many store a lot of chemical potential energy. Examples: glucose, methane, DNA, protein and fat.

Answer 26

organic molecules

Question 27

Type of Lipid. Provides structure to cell membranes; a protective barrier surrounding the cell or separating compartments and forming organelles within the cell. Ex: lipid bilayer membrane.

Answer 27

phospholipids

Question 28

Made from monomers linked by chemical bonds. They are produced by polymerization and occur either naturally or synthetically. Examples of natural polymers are cellulose, shellac and amber.

Answer 28

polymer

Question 29

Complex carbohydrates. 3 or more sugar subunits. Starch: plants and roots, potatoes, wheat, corn, rice. Cellulose: plants.

Answer 29

polysaccharide

Question 30

Biological macromolecules. Amino acids. Essential for carrying out most of the necessary functions of life. Serve as structural components of tissues; facilitate and speed up biochemical reactions (enzymes); participate in communication

Answer 30

protein

Question 31

the physical process by which a linear polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure. Folding of a polypeptide chain is strongly influenced by the solubility of the AA R-groups in water. Each protein exists as an unfolded polypeptide or random coil when translated from a sequence of mRNA to a linear chain of amino acids.

Answer 31

protein folding

Question 32

Type of lipid. Provides structure to membranes; regulates many developmental, metabolic and energy processes. Ex: Cholesterol; naturally occurring hormones like estrogen and testosterone.

Answer 32

steroids

Question 33

Type of lipid. Forms protective layers on plants and animals that repel water. Ex" Beeswax, bird feathers, carnauba wax, jojoba oil, lanolin.

Answer 33

waxes

Question 34

the genetic material that stores information for making proteins in all living organisms. Stores and transmits inherited genetic information; and contains the coded directions for making proteins

Answer 34

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 35

Transmits the information coded in the DNA so that it can be used to produce proteins.

Answer 35

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Question 36

Biological macromolecules. Nucleotides. Essential for information storage within a cell and passing on this information to the next generation. Examples: DNA. Store genetic information, used in protein synthesis.

Answer 36

nucleic acid

Question 37

nucleotide

Answer 37

nucleotide