Unit 2 Biology

Question 1

What are stimuli detected by?

Answer 1

receptors, which are molecules that monitor the internal and external environments.

Question 2

What do internal receptors monitor?

Answer 2

changes to pH, temperature, pressure, and gas concentration.

Question 3

Where are internal receptors located?

Answer 3

located throughout the cells, tissues and organs of the body.

Question 4

What is a negative feedback loop?

Answer 4

When the response is slowed or stopped.

Question 5

What is a positive feedback loop?

Answer 5

When the response is maintained or amplified.

Question 6

What is the role of afferent (sensory) neurons?

Answer 6

They send information through electrical impulses towards the central nervous system (CNS). Detect stimuli.

Question 7

What is the role of efferent (motor) neurons?

Answer 7

Send information through electrical impulses away from the central nervous system.

Question 8

What is the role of Interneurons?

Answer 8

connect afferent and efferent neurons to each other, allowing a stimulus to trigger a response.

Question 9

Where are receptors that monitor the external environment located?

Answer 9

located throughout the skin and organs on the outside of the body, such as the eyes and the ears.

Question 10

What do receptors interpret?

Answer 10

information about the organism’s surroundings by detecting changes to temperature, pressure, light, smell and taste.

Question 11

Explain what the Nervous system is.

Answer 11

a coordinating system that detects stimuli and initiates an appropriate response.

Question 12

List some examples of sensory organs.

Answer 12

Eyes, ears, nose, mouth and skin

Question 13

What are sensory receptors?

Answer 13

sensory neurons that are specialised to detect particular types of information to send to the CNS.

Question 14

List 5 different types of sensory receptors.

Answer 14

chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors and nociceptors.

Question 15

What are Chemoreceptors?

Answer 15

sensors that detect chemical changes in the body, like oxygen or carbon dioxide levels.

Question 16

What are some examples of stimuli that chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 16

chemical stimuli from outside the body, smell and taste, or from within the body, gas (carbon dioxide and oxygen) concentration in the blood.

Question 17

What are thermoreceptors?

Answer 17

sensory receptors that detect temperature changes, either in the external environment or within the body.

Question 18

What are Mechanoreceptors?

Answer 18

sensory receptors that respond to mechanical stimuli, such as pressure, vibration, sound, and stretch.

Question 19

What are Photoreceptors?

Answer 19

specialized sensory receptors that detect light stimuli. Convert light energy into electrical signals, which are processed by the brain to form visual images.

Question 20

What are Nociceptors?

Answer 20

sensory receptors that detect harmful stimuli, such as pain or damage. They are responsible for sensing harmful stimuli and triggering pain signals to alert the body to injury or potential injury.

Question 21

What is a hydrophyate?

Answer 21

a plant with adaptions that allow it to function with little water.

Question 22

What is a mesophate?

Answer 22

a plant adapted to a habitat that has a frequent and reliable source of water.

Question 23

what is a xerophayte?

Answer 23

a plant adapted to a dry habitat.

Question 24

What is a halophayte?

Answer 24

Lives in a salty enviroment.

Question 25

What is a stomata?

Answer 25

Small openings in the leaf epidermis.

Question 26

What are guard cells?

Answer 26

specialised cells that control the opening/closing of the stomata.

Question 27

What is a vacuole?

Answer 27

a large cell that stores water and nutrients and used to maintain turgor pressure.

Question 28

What is an infectious disease?

Answer 28

Infectious diseases are transmitted from person-to-person through the transfer of a pathogen such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.

Question 29

What is a non-infectious disease?

Answer 29

A non-infectious disease cannot be transmitted through a pathogen and is caused by a variety of other circumstantial factors.

Question 30

List some pathogens.

Answer 30

bacteria,viruses,fungi,worms,protists,prions.

Question 31

List some characteristics of bacteria.

Answer 31

Prokaryotes, Single-celled organisms, Cause disease by multiplying, Treated with antibiotics.

Question 32

What are some examples of bacteria?

Answer 32

tetanus, STIs (Chlamydia, syphilis and gonorrheae).

Question 33

List some characteristics of a virus?

Answer 33

Smaller than bacteria, Not classified as living organisms, no cellular structure, Completely parasitic, controlled by vaccines.

Question 34

What are some examples of a virus?

Answer 34

influenza, Hepatitis, COVID-19.

Question 35

List some characteristics of fungi?

Answer 35

Heterotrophic, Non-motile, Do not photosynthesize.

Question 36

What are some examples of Fungi?

Answer 36

athlete’s foot and ringworm.

Question 37

What are the two types of worms, and how are they treated?

Answer 37

Flatworms and Roundworms. Treated through Modern drugs eg tablets.

Question 38

What is the immune system?

Answer 38

an organism's host defence system, comprising of many biological structures and processes that protect against disease.

Question 39

What is the innate immune system?

Answer 39

a system of non-specific defense mechanisms including physical barrier (skin), chemicals in the blood, and white blood cells that attack forgein cells in the body.

Question 40

What are the three lines of defence?

Answer 40

First Line (Innate, Non-Specific), Second Line (Innate, Non-Specific) and Third Line (Adaptive, Specific).

Question 41

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 41

Innate and adaptive.

Question 42

Describe the innate immunity system?

Answer 42

Immediate response, Non-specific, Main purpose is to immediately prevent the spread,

Question 43

Describe what the first line of defence comprises?

Answer 43

skin, mucous, secretions of the skin.

Question 44

Describe what is in the second line of defence.

Answer 44

Inflammation (Increases blood flow, redness, swelling) Fever (Raises body temperature to slow pathogen growth) Phagocytes (White Blood Cells Engulf and destroy invaders).

Question 45

Describe what is in the thrid line of defence.

Answer 45

Lymphocytes, antibodies and memory cells.

Question 46

What is a neutrophil role in the 2nd line of defence?

Answer 46

ingest foreign matter through phagocytosis. (kill bateria, fungi and foreign debris).

Question 47

What is a monocytes role in the 2nd line of defense?

Answer 47

clean up damaged cells.

Question 48

What is a eosinophils role in the 2nd line of defence?

Answer 48

kill parasites, cancer cells and invloved in allgeric response.

Question 49

What is a lymphocytes role in the 2nd line of defence?

Answer 49

help fight viruses and make antibodies.

Question 50

What is a basophils + mast cells role in the 2nd line of defence?

Answer 50

Release histamines to cause inflammation.

Question 51

What are Macrophages (mature neutrophil) and their role in the 2nd line.

Answer 51

sac of enzymes that engulf and digest pathogens.

Question 52

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

Answer 52

T-cells and B-cells.

Question 53

What do T-cells produce?

Answer 53

cytotoxins.

Question 54

What do B-cells produce?

Answer 54

antibodies.

Question 55

What do Cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 55

Destroys infected cells – by releasing signals which causes the cell to self-destruct.

Question 56

What happens in; Humoral (antibody-mediated immunity).

Answer 56

helper T cells, B cells will differentiate into plasma B cells that can produce antibodies against a specific antigen.

Question 57

What does the humoral immune system deal with?

Answer 57

antigens from pathogens that are freely circulating, or outside the infected cells.

Question 58

What are T cells repsonsible for?

Answer 58

developing the ability to recognize specific antigens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

Question 59

What are B cells responsible for?

Answer 59

responsible for antibody-mediated immunity.

Question 60

What are the two types of Adaptive immunity?

Answer 60

Natural and Artificial.

Question 61

What are the two types of Natural and Artifical immunity?

Answer 61

Passive and active.

Question 62

How is passive immunity given?

Answer 62

By antibodies from an outside source.

Question 63

How is active immunity given?

Answer 63

Prior infections or immunisation.