Unit 2 - Cell Biology

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

the control center of the cell, housing the cell’s DNA and managing activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction

Question 2

Mitochondria

Answer 2

the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration, providing energy for the cell’s activities

Question 3

Ribosomes

Answer 3

are the sites of protein synthesis, where amino acids are assembled into proteins based on the instructions from the cell’s DNA

Question 4

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 4

• Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, it plays a role in the synthesis and transport of proteins.
• Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium ion storage.

Question 5

Golgi Body

Answer 5

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles. (Shipping centre)

Question 6

Lysosomes

Answer 6

Contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign invaders like bacteria

Question 7

Peroxisomes

Answer 7

Contains enzymes that detoxify harmful substances and break down fatty acids

Question 8

Cytoskeleton

Answer 8

A network of protein fibers that provide structural support, maintain cell shape, and facilitate cell movement and division

Question 9

Plasma membrane

Answer 9

A lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell

Question 10

Chloroplast

Answer 10

Sites of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. (Only plant cells)

Question 11

Vacuoles

Answer 11

Storage organelles that can hold various substances such as nutrients, waste products, or water. In plant cells, the central vacuole also helps maintain turgor pressure

Question 12

Centrioles

Answer 12

Involved in cell division by helping to organize the mitotic spindle and ensure proper chromosome separation. (Only in animal cells)

Question 13

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 13

have a nucleus and organelles. They’re found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists. They are more complex and larger than prokaryotic cells.

Question 14

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 14

Prokaryotic cells are simple, single-celled organisms without a nucleus. They include bacteria and archaea.

Question 15

Cell membrane

Answer 15

controls what enters and leaves the cell. It protects the cell and helps maintain its shape

Question 16

Cell theory

Answer 16

1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Question 17

Passive mechanisms

Answer 17

move substances across the cell membrane without using energy. Examples include diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

Question 18

Active mechanisms

Answer 18

require energy to move substances. Examples include active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis

Question 19

Isotonic solution

Answer 19

has the same concentration of solutes as inside the cell, so water doesn’t move in or out, keeping the cell the same size

Question 20

Hypotonic solution

Answer 20

has fewer solutes than inside the cell, causing water to move into the cell and making it swell

Question 21

Hypertonic solution

Answer 21

has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell. This causes water to move out of the cell, making it shrink