Unit 2: Cell Structures and Functions Part 2 Flashcards
(28 cards)
large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus
vacuoles
vacuoles that fuse with lysosomes with enzymes to digest food
food vacuoles
vacuoles that pump excess water out of the cell thereby maintaining a suitable ion/molecule concentration
contractile vacuoles
a vacuole in plant cells responsible for storage of water, proteins, ions, waste, pigments, and poisons, and helps the plant grow by absorbing water
central vacuole
sites of cellular respiration that use oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels
mitochondria
sites of photosynthesis that convert solar energy to chemical energy by using solar energy to synthesize organic compounds such as sugars, carbon dioxide, and water
chloroplasts
a theory that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell and evolved into a eukaryotic cell
endosymbiotic theory
What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?
Double membrane of organelles; ribosomes and DNA (chromosome with histone protein); can grow and reproduce independently; same size.
What internal compartments do mitochondria have?
Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix.
What internal compartments do chloroplasts have?
Intermembrane space, stroma, and thylakoid space.
a specialized metabolic compartment in a cell bounded by a single membrane containing enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from molecules, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
peroxisome
What are the functions of the enzymes in peroxisomes?
Peroxisomes in the liver detoxify harmful substances by transferring their hydrogen to other oxygens producing H2O2. H2O2 is toxic but a catalase breaks it down into water and oxygen.
In what types of cells are peroxisomes prominent?
Liver and kidney cells.
a network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm that organizes the structure of the cell
cytoskeleton
What does it mean that the cytoskeleton is dynamic?
It can be dismantled and reassembled, changing the shape of the cell.
hollow rods constructed from tubulin that organize centrosomes/centrioles during cell division, create spindles manipulate chromosomes during cell division, and assist in the movement of the flagella and cilia
microtubules
a structure that anchors an assembly of microtubules to a cilium or flagellum to help it move
basal body
thin solid rods constructed from a twisted double chain of actin proteins.
microfilaments
intermediate rods constructed from a protein similar to keratin that bear tension, reinforce the shape of the cell, position certain organelles, and make up the nuclear lamina
intermediate filaments
a structure that provides a plant cell with shape and support and stops it from lysing
cell wall
initial cell wall that is thin and flexible
primary cell wall
later cell wall that forms more rigid and protected
secondary cell wall
a polysaccharide that holds cell walls together
middle lamina
channels in plant cell walls
plasmodesmata
