Unit 2 cells

Question 1

What is the structure and function of the Golgi Complex

Answer 1

Structure: Rows of flattened membrane sacs (bubbles)

Function: processes, stories, and packages proteins

Question 2

What is the structure and function of cytoplasm

Answer 2

Structure: Thick solution (clear jelly-like fluid)

Function: holds things in place and surface area for chemical reactions

Question 3

What is the structure and function of ribosomes

Answer 3

Structure: tiny organelles, not membrane-bound, contain rRNA and protein, bond to ER or free float in cytoplasm

function: protein synthesis

Question 4

What is the structure and function of lysosomes

Answer 4

Structure: Small, spherical, membrane-bound (1 membrane)

function: breaks down/digests certain materials

Question 5

What is the structure and function of chloroplast

Answer 5

structure: oval-shaped, 2 membranes (inner and outer), stacks

function: converts light energy into sugar (ATP + sugar production)

Question 6

What is the structure and function of the mitochondria

Answer 6

structure: small organelle, 2 membranes (inner called cristae folds to increase surface area for the electron transport)

function: produces energy

Question 7

What is the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

structure: rows of flattened membrane sacs without ribosomes

function: Network of tubes, transports materials

Question 8

What is the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 8

structure: rows of flattened membrane sacs with ribosomes

function: Network of tubes, that help make and process proteins

Question 9

What is the structure and function of the vacuole

Answer 9

structure: small or large bubble surrounded by 1 membrane

function: stores food, water waste

Question 10

What is the structure and function of the nucleus?

Answer 10

structure: double membrane, large, round, surrounded by nuclear envelope, nuclear membrane + chromosomes

function: control center, regulates

Question 11

What is the structure and function of the nucleolus

Answer 11

structure: composed of RNA proteins, round

function: assembles the cells ribosomes

Question 12

What is the structure and function of the cell membrane

Answer 12

structure: Phospholipid bilayer

function: Separates the internal from the external, regulates what goes in and out of the cell

Question 13

what is turgor pressure?
what cell relies on it?

Answer 13

An intercellular force, usually caused by water pushing up against the plasma membrane and cell wall

plant cells rely on it

Question 14

How do subcellular components and organelles interact and contribute to the function of the cell?

Answer 14

Subcellular components and organelles interact to support cell function. The ER, mitochondria, lysosomes, and vacuoles, each have specialized functions that occur within their membrane-enclosed structures which increases the efficiency of the cell to perform chemical reactions and store materials.

Question 15

What are the structural features of a cell that allow organisms to capture, store, and use energy?

Answer 15

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are structural features of eukaryotic cells that allow organisms to capture, store, and use energy. The folding of the inner membrane in both these structures increases the surface area which allows for more ATP to be synthesized.

Question 16

why are cells are small

what happens to the surface area as the cell gets larger?

Answer 16

Smaller cells typically have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio and more efficient exchange of materials with the environment. because moving materials (waste, nutrients) in and out of the cell gets harder the larger the cell is.

it decreases

Question 17

What are some examples of structural modifications of cells that increase surface area?

Answer 17

As cell volume increases or a cell becomes specialized for transport across its surface, structural modifications such as membrane folds are necessary to adequately exchange molecules from or into the environment.

Question 18

How does the surface area to volume ratio effect the rate of heat exchange with the environment?

Answer 18

As organisms increase in size, their surface area-to-volume ratio decreases making it harder to release heat energy and adaptations may improve an organism’s efficiency in doing so.

Question 19

How are specialized structures and strategies used by cells and organisms for the efficient exchange of molecules with the environment?

Answer 19

Cells and organisms use specialized exchange surfaces (e.g., stomatal openings on the surface of a leaf)

Question 20

How does passive and active transport move molecules across the membrane?

Answer 20

movement of molecules (high to low) doesn’t require ATP

Movement of molecules and or ions (low to high) requires ATP, rely on carrier proteins called pumps

Question 21

How do large molecules move into and out of the cell?

Answer 21

endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 22

what are the 2 types of passive transport

Answer 22

Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low, small non-polar molecules

facilitated diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low, large polar molecules allows hydrophilic and ions to travel through the membrane

Question 23

phagocytosis?
pinocytosis?
receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Answer 23

the cell takes in large particles

the cell takes in liquid

proteins on the cell membrane are used to capture specific target molecules

Question 24

What does hypotonic mean?

Answer 24

Water moves into the cell, Cells swell, can burst, turgid
The bars of the cell is less then the solution

Cell Solution
Y < Y

Question 25

What does isotonic mean

Answer 25

Flaccid, equilibrium with the cell and the solution Y=Y

Question 26

What does hypertonic mean ?

Answer 26

The solution travels out of the cell, cells shrink, plasmolyse, The number of bars of the cell has to be greater then the solution Cell Solution Y > Y

Question 27

What is osmosis

Answer 27

the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

Question 28

Why are inner membranes usually folded? What does this allow?

Answer 28

Allows more surface area without increasing volume. Increases Metabolism (every chemical reaction in your body)

Question 29

List the membrane bound organelles

Answer 29

Mitochondria Lysosomes Nucleus Vacuoles Smooth and rough ER Golgi apparatus Cell membrane Chloroplast Golgi vesicle

Question 30

What organelles have membranes on their inside?

Answer 30

Mitochondria Chloroplast Nucleus

Question 31

How do membranes help the efficiency of reactions occurring in the mitochondria, chloroplast and nucleus?

Answer 31

Increases surface area for reactions to occur More embedded proteins for reactions

Question 32

what is cotransport? what are the 2 types of co-transport?

Answer 32

secondary active transport that uses energy to transport two different ions across the membrane Symport: 2 different ions are transported in the same direction Antiport: 2 different ions transported in the opposite direction

Question 33

Why are membrane proteins required for diffusion of certain molecules?

Answer 33

Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane.

Question 34

How do large quantities of water move across the membrane?

Answer 34

Large quantities of water pass through aquaporins.

Question 35

How do membranes become polarized?

Answer 35

Membranes become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane.

Question 36

What molecules are necessary for active transport to occur? what are the three types?

Answer 36

Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport. Channel proteins: act's like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly. Gate proteins: opens a "gate," allowing a molecule to pass through the membrane. carrier proteins: is specific for an ion, molecule, or group of substances by expanding the membrane and changing shape.

Question 37

How does Na+/K+ ATPase contribute to membrane potential?

Answer 37

The Na*/K* ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential. na+ pumped out k+ pumped in

Question 38

How is water passively transported across a membrane?

Answer 38

Water is transported in small amounts across the membrane by simple diffusion and in large amounts via facilitated diffusion through aquaporins embedded in the membrane.

Question 39

What are some examples of membrane-bound organelles in eukarvotic cells that compartmentalize intracellular reactions?

Answer 39

Eukarvotic cells contain various membrane-bound organelles including, but not limited to; the ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. These structures compartmentalize intracellular processes and enzymatic reactions increasing the efficiency of cellular function.

Question 40

How do internal membranes facilitate cellular processes?

Answer 40

Internal membranes facilitate cellular processes by minimizing competing interactions and by increasing surface areas where reactions can occur.

Question 41

How might a change in the internal membranes or membrane-bound organelles effect the ability of eukaryotic cells to perform necessary functions?

Answer 41

Loss of these intracellular compartments or changes to the unique internal surfaces and environments within membrane-bound organelles may hinder proper cell function.

Question 42

How do organisms maintain water balance?

Answer 42

Osmoregulation maintains water balance and allows organisms to control their internal solute composition/water potential.