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Unit 2: cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. all cells are composed of one or more cells
  2. the cell is the basic unit of structure + orginization in organisms
  3. all cells come from preexisitng cells
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2
Q

Compound light microscope

A

a high magnification microscope that uses 2 lenses to compound (multiply) the level of magnification

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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.

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4
Q

Prokaryote

A

no nucleus, single celled organisms, lack other organnelles

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5
Q

Eukaryote

A

an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaebacteria.

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6
Q

Cytoplasm made of

A

gell like substance made of water, salts, and organic molecules

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7
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

holds all the components of the cell

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8
Q

What cells have cytoplasm

A

all cells

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9
Q

Ribosomes made of

A

RNA + protein

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10
Q

Ribosomes function

A

responable for protein assembly + production

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11
Q

Ribosomes Prokaryotes size

A

70s 16S rRNA

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12
Q

Ribosomes Eukaryotes size

A

80s 18S rRNA

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13
Q

Nucleoid

A

The nucleoid is an irregularly shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains all or most of the genetic material.

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14
Q

Cell wall

A

protects cell + gives shapes

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15
Q

what cells have cell walls

A

plant cells + bacteria

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16
Q

what are cell walls made of in plant cells

A

cellulose

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17
Q

what are cell walls in bacteria made of

A

peptidoglycan (sugar + amino acids)

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18
Q

Cilia

A

small, slender, hair-like structures present on the surface of all mammalian cells

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19
Q

Fimbriae

A
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20
Q

Flagella

A

aid in cellular locomotion
- bacillus
-some animal cells
-few plant cells

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21
Q

Nucleus

A

the control center that contains DNA

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22
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
rough

A

has ribosomes, protein synthesis + folding

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23
Q

ER smooth

A

no ribosomes, lipid synthesis + detoxification

24
Q

Peroxisome

A

enzyme - detoxifies harmful substances - break down fatty acids

25
lysosomes
enzyme - breaks down waste + cellular debris
26
Golgi apparatus
cell shipping + recieving - proteins + more
27
Mitochondria
power house of the cell generates ATP has its own DNA - size 70s 16S sRNA ribosomes could've originated as a prokaryote
28
Cytoskeleton
a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization
29
Vacuole
"empty space" - hole helps store nutrients + dispose of waste -helps maintain pressure
30
Chloroplast
an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis could have used to be prokaryote own dna + small ribosomes has chlorophyll membrane
31
Endomembrane system
group of interconnected membranes and organelles within eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.
32
Endosymbiont theory
endosymbiosis = bacteria engolfs the other one theory = mitochondia + chloroplasts used to exist independently -own dna -double membranes -same size as bacteria -70s ribosomes -only be produced by division of pre-existing ones
33
Fluid mosaic model
model of phospholipid bilayers, with cholestorol, and transport proteins and receptor proteins
34
Selectively permeable
some materials can pass through the cell membrane while some can't - small + nonpolar can pass through
35
Receptor protein
proteins or protein complexes located in the membrane of cells that receive chemical signals and trigger a defined cellular response example: horomones
36
channel protein
a type of facilitated diffusion where molecules that are larger and/or nonpolar moved across the membrane through a protein, without using energy
37
Glycoprotein
38
Transport protein
Transport proteins act as doors to the cell, helping certain molecules pass back and forth across the plasma membrane,
39
Diffusion
particles moving from high concentration to low
40
protein pump
uses energy in the form ATP to transport materials against the concentration gradient - low --> high example: sodium-potassium pump
41
Concentration gradient
the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution high concentration -> low concentration
42
Passive transport
transport with no energy input
43
active transport
requires energy - ATP
44
Osmosis
facilitated transport of water across membranes with the channel protein aquaporin
45
Facilitated diffusion
partciles move through a channel protein exp: glucode transport into the cell
46
simple diffusion
particles move directly across membrane
47
Aquaporin
channel protein for water
48
Exocytosis
moving large materials out of the cell by feusing the vesicle to the membrane - cell becomes bigger
49
Endocytosis
moving large materials into the cell by folding in the membrane -cell becomes smaller
50
Tonicity
number in bars that helps determine which was water will flow - the water potential - quantified -negative = unlikely to move positive = likely to move
51
Isotonic
things have same tonicity, particles move in and out at dynamic equlibrium, no cell mass change
52
Hypertonic
more solute outside, water moves from inside of the cell to outside, cell becomes shrivelled
53
hypotonic
less solute outside, water moves from outside the cell to inside, cell becomes lysed and can burst
54
Flaccid
cells in isotonic solutions
55
turgid
plump cells in hypotonic solutions
56
Plasmolysis
cells that are in hypertonic solutions and lost water

honors biooooo (2 decks)

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