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Bio Unit 2 - Cells > Unit 2 Cells - Quizlet Copy > Flashcards

Unit 2 Cells - Quizlet Copy Flashcards

1
Q

Cells (3)

A
  1. Basic units of life
  2. Share common features
  3. Building blocks of all living organisms
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2
Q

Evolution (3)

A
  1. Process of change
  2. Of life over generations
  3. Evidenced by differences between cells
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3
Q

Binary fission (3)

A
  1. Form of cell division
  2. Prokaryotic cells
  3. Parent cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells
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4
Q

Mitosis (4)

A
  1. Form of cell division
  2. Eukaryotic cells
  3. Produce gametes (sex cells)
  4. Half number of chromosomes
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5
Q

Cell-surface membrane (2)

A
  1. Selectively permeable barrier around the cell
  2. Controls passage of substances in and out the cell
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6
Q

Eukaryotic cell (2)

A
  1. HAS membrane bound organelles
  2. Plants, animals, fungi, protists
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7
Q

Prokaryotic cell (2)

A
  1. NO membrane bound organelles
  2. Bacteria, archaea
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8
Q

Plasma membrane (3)

A
  1. Cell membranes that contain
  2. Embedded proteins
  3. For cell signalling and recognition
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9
Q

Cell signalling (2)

A
  1. Process of communication between cells
  2. Allowing them to coordinate activities and to respond to external stimuli
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10
Q

Antigens (2)

A
  1. Proteins on surface of cells
  2. Involved in cell recognition by the immune system
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11
Q

Disease (2)

A
  1. A condition that results from interactions between different types of cells
  2. Leading to a disruption of normal bodily functions
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12
Q

Recovery from disease (1)

A
  1. Process of returning to a healthy state after illness of disease
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13
Q

Prevention of symptoms (2)

A
  1. Avoidance of symptoms upon exposure to the same antigen
  2. Done by the memory response
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14
Q

Cell structure (2)

A
  1. Physical component and organelles that make up the cell
  2. Determining its form/function
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15
Q

All cells arise from other cells (2)

A
  1. Fundamental concept is that call cell come from pre-existing cells
  2. Via cell division
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16
Q

Transport across cell membranes (2)

A
  1. Movement of substances across cell membranes
  2. Either by passive or active transport mechanisms
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17
Q

Cell recognition (3)

A
  1. Ability of cells to identify ‘self’ and ‘foreign’ cells
  2. Important for immune response
  3. And maintaining tissue integrity
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18
Q

Immune system (1)

A
  1. The body’s defence system against pathogens
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19
Q

Animal cell (2)

A
  1. Type of eukaryotic cell found in animals
  2. Nucleus and other specialised organelles present
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20
Q

Plant cell (2)

A
  1. Type of eukaryotic cell
  2. Cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole present
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21
Q

Electron micrographs (2)

A
  1. Image of cells taken using an e- microscope
  2. Uses an e- to see structures at higher resolution
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22
Q

Chloroplast structure (2)

A
  1. Contains chlorophyll —> makes plants green
  2. Site of photosynthesis
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23
Q

Mitochondria structure (2)

A
  1. Site of aerobic respiration
    AND
  2. ATP production
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24
Q

Nucleus (2)

A
  1. Contains DNA and genetic information
  2. Controls cells activity’s
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25
Q

Nuclear envelope (3)

A
  1. Double membrane
  2. Separates nucleus from rest of cell
  3. Regulates transport of molecules
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26
Q

Nucleolus (3)

A
  1. Substructure within nucleus
  2. Produces rRNA
  3. Assembles ribosomes
27
Q

Golgi apparatus (2)

A
  1. Modifies, sorts and packages proteins
  2. For transport/secretion
28
Q

Lysosomes (2)

A
  1. Contains hydrolytic enzymes for digestion
  2. Of waste materials and cellular debris
29
Q

Ribosomes (2)

A
  1. Composed of RNA and proteins
  2. Protein synthesis
30
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (3)

A
  1. Network of membranes throughout cells
  2. Involved in synthesis, folding and transport
  3. Of proteins and lipids
31
Q

Cell wall (2)

A
  1. Rigid structure outside cell membrane
  2. Provides support/protection in plant,fungal and bacterial cells
32
Q

Vacuoles (3)

A
  1. Sacs
  2. Storage sites of water, nutrients and waste materials
  3. In plant/animal cells
33
Q

Homologous chromosomes (3)

A
  1. Pairs of chromosomes
  2. Same genes at same loci
  3. One inherited from each parent
34
Q

Cell cycle (2)

A
  1. Series of events cells go through
  2. They grow/divide
35
Q

Interphase (3)

A
  1. Longest phase of cell cycle
  2. Cell grows
  3. Replicates its DNA
36
Q

Prophase (3)

A
  1. Chromosomes condense
  2. Nuclear envelope disappears
  3. Spindle fibres form
37
Q

Metaphase (2)

A
  1. Chromosomes line up at the equator of cell
  2. For separation to each pole
38
Q

Anaphase (2)

A
  1. Sister chromatids separate
  2. Move to opposite poles of cell
39
Q

Telophase (3)

A
  1. Chromosomes elongate
  2. Nuclear envelope reforms
  3. Cell prepares for cytokinesis
40
Q

Cytokinesis (3)

A
  1. Division of cytoplasm
  2. Forms 2 daughter cells
  3. Last stage of cell division
41
Q

Mitotic index (1)

A
  1. Ratio of cells undergoing mitosis in a population indicating rate of cell division
42
Q

Mitotic Index equation

A

Cells undergoing mitosis / Total cells

43
Q

Cancer (2)

A
  1. Uncontrolled cell division
  2. Can lead to tumours
44
Q

Tumours (1)

A
  1. Abnormal growth of cells that can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign)
45
Q

Cancer treatments (4)

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Radiation
  3. Chemotherapy
  4. Immunotherapy
46
Q

Viruses (3)

A
  1. Acellular pathogens
  2. Require a host cell for replication
  3. Consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
47
Q

Viral replication (3)

A
  1. Virus multiply inside host cell
  2. Hijacking cellular machinery
  3. Produces more viral particles
48
Q

Magnification (2)

A
  1. The degree to which an image is enlarged
  2. Allowing to see small structures or details
49
Q

Resolution (2)

A
  1. Ability to distinguish between 2 closely spaced points in an image
  2. Determining the level of detail that can be observed
50
Q

Light microscope (5)

A
  1. Uses lenses to focus beam of light through specimen
  2. Lower resolution vs electron microscope
  3. Live specimen
  4. See colours
  5. Simple staining and slide prep (must be thin)
51
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) (7)

A
  1. Uses electromagnets to focus beam of e- through specimen
  2. Specimen placed in vacuum (MUST BE DEAD)
  3. Specimen be thinner
  4. More complex procedure
  5. Black/white image only
  6. Higher resolution vs light due to smaller wavelength of e-
  7. Can see small objects e.g. internal structure of organelles
52
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope (5)

A
  1. Uses electromagnets to focus a beam of e- onto specimen
  2. Resolution not as high as TEM
  3. Black/white only
  4. 3D images
  5. Specimen in vacuum (MUST BE DEAD)
53
Q

Cell fractionation (8)

A
  1. Homogenisation grind in:
    -Cold (reduces enzyme activity)
    -Isotonic (prevents organelles shrinking/bursting due to osmosis)
    -Buffer (maintains pH —> prevents denaturing e.g. of proteins)
  2. Filtration to filter out cell debris BUT organelles will pass through
  3. Centrifugation:
    -Spin at low speed for heaviest organelles (nucleus)
    -Respin supernatant at higher speeds to give pellets (chloroplasts, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes)
  4. Ultracentrifugation:
    - Spin at V.high speed to separate molecules depending on mass
54
Q

Phagocytosis (1)

A
  1. Phagocyte (type of WBC) engulfs pathogens
55
Q

Antigen presenting cells (1)

A
  1. Cells that capture, process, and present antigens to activate a immune response
56
Q

Lymphocytes (2)

A
  1. Type of WBC
  2. Involved in immune response including T cells and B cells
57
Q

T cells / T lymphocyte (4)

A
  1. Phagocytes activate T cells
  2. Has receptor proteins on its surface
  3. That bind to complementary antigens that are presented to its phagocytes
  4. This activates T cells
58
Q

Helper T-cell (TH cell) (3)

A
  1. Release chemical signals that activate/stimulate phagocytes and cytotoxic cells
  2. Which kill abnormal/foreign cells
  3. Also activates B cells which secrete antibodies
59
Q

B cells (6)

A
  1. Type of WBC
  2. Covered in antibodies (proteins)
  3. Which bind to antigens
  4. Forms antigen-antibody complex
  5. Each B cell has different shaped antibody on membrane
  6. So different ones bind to different shaped antigens
60
Q

Antibodies (2)

A
  1. Proteins produced by B cells
  2. Binds to specific antigens
61
Q

Humoral immunity (2)

A
  1. Immune response involving B cells and antibodies
  2. Providing defense against pathogens
62
Q

Cellular response (2)

A
  1. Immune response involving T cells
  2. Which recognise and destroy infected or abnormal cells directly
63
Q

Colonial selection (2)

A
  1. Process by which B cells are activated
  2. Divide in response to the presence of specific antigen
64
Q

Immunological memory (2)

A
  1. Ability of the immune system to remember previous infections
  2. Provides faster/more effective response upon exposure

Bio Unit 2 - Cells (1 decks)

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