Unit 2 Ch 7 Vocab

Question 1

Neptunism

Answer 1

the obsolete theory that all rocks of Earth’s crust were deposit from, or crystallized out of; water

Question 2

Plutonism

Answer 2

the obsolete theory that the rocks of Earth’s crust formed by solidification of a molten material or were heated

Question 3

atomic number

Answer 3

the total number of protons in an atom

Question 4

ion

Answer 4

an atom or molecule that possesses an electrical charge

Question 5

cation

Answer 5

ion with a positive charge

Question 6

anion

Answer 6

ion with a negative charge

Question 7

covalent bonding

Answer 7

union formed when two or more atoms mutually share electrons

Question 8

ionic bonding

Answer 8

molecular bond formed when two oppositely charged atoms (ions) attract

Question 9

silicates

Answer 9

a substance that contains silica as part of its chemical formula

Question 10

crystal form

Answer 10

the arrangement of various faces on a crystal in a definite geometric relationship to one another

Question 11

cleavage

Answer 11

the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding

Question 12

hardness

Answer 12

resistance of a mineral to scratching; Mohs scale - 10 minerals

Question 13

color

Answer 13

used to describe minerals

Question 14

luster

Answer 14

appearance taken on by a mineral in reflected light

Question 15

streak

Answer 15

color of a pulverized substance; a useful property for mineral identification

Question 16

absolute hardness scale

Answer 16

denotes hardness based on how much pressure must be applied to a diamond point moved across a mineral before a scratch appears

Question 17

igneous rock

Answer 17

a rock formed by the crystallization of magma or lava

Question 18

lava

Answer 18

magma that reaches the ground surface

Question 19

plutonic igneous rocks

Answer 19

igneous rock formed at great depth; cool slowly far below surface; large crystals

Question 20

texture

Answer 20

The general physical appearance of rocks. The size, shape, and arrangement of component minerals in sedimentary rocks determine the texture. In igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks, the crystallinity and fabric of the minerals are major determinants of texture.

Question 21

beds or strata

Answer 21

strata: parallel layers of sedimentary rock
bed: the smallest division of a series of layered rocks, marked by a well-defined divisional plane from its neighbors below and above

Question 22

volcanic igneous rocks

Answer 22

small grain size; cool rapidly at surface; small crystals

Question 23

clastic sedimentary rocks

Answer 23

a sedimentary rock made of fragments of preexisting rock

Question 24

chemical sedimentary rocks

Answer 24

the processes by which the internal structure of a mineral is altered by the removal or addition of elements

Question 25

biochemical sedimentary rocks

Answer 25

a sedimentary rock made by or from organic matter

Question 26

weathering

Answer 26

the group of processes that change rock at or near Earth's surface

Question 27

transportation

Answer 27

movement of materials from one location to another

Question 28

erosion

Answer 28

the physical removal of rock by an agent such as running water, glacial ice, or wind

Question 29

lithification

Answer 29

the process by which unconsolidated sediments become consolidated rocks

Question 30

crystal settling

Answer 30

during the crystallization of magma, the earlier-formed minerals are denser than the liquid portion and settle to the bottom of the magma chamber

Question 31

metamorphic rock

Answer 31

a rock produced by metamorphism

Question 32

contact metamorphism

Answer 32

changes in rock caused by the hear from a nearby magma body

Question 33

regional metamorphism

Answer 33

the name applied to those metamorphic alterations that affect rocks over large areas and are indicative of widespread environmental changes rather than localized deformation or magmatism

Question 34

foliation

Answer 34

planes of minerals formed in response to stress; a feature of many metamorphic rocks

Question 35

rock cycle

Answer 35

a sequence of processes and products that relates each rock type to the others and that describes rocks as continuously forming from preexisting rocks

Question 36

mineral resource

Answer 36

all discovered and undiscovered deposits of a useful mineral that can be extracted now or at some time in the future

Question 37

hydrothermal mineral deposits

Answer 37

mineral deposits formed when heated water circulates through rock pores or other openings

Question 38

magmatic mineral deposits

Answer 38

mineral deposits formed when minerals become concentrated as magma cools and solidifies

Question 39

residual mineral deposits

Answer 39

mineral deposit formed from the leaching of soil by water

Question 40

placer deposits

Answer 40

found in present-day streams or in ancient stream deposits; represent a natural recycling of older mineral deposits

Question 41

magma

Answer 41

molten rock that may contain dissolved gases as well as some solid minerals

Question 42

metamorphism

Answer 42

the effects of increasing temperature, pressure, or both within Earth that produce solid-state mineralogical, chemical, and textural changes that alter the features of preexisting rocks