Unit 2 - Disorders Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
anxiety
A
the vague sense of being in danger (increase breathing, muscular tension, perspiration)
2
Q
fear
A
the central nervous systems physiological and emotional response to a seriou threat to ones well-being
3
Q
generalized anxiety disorder
A
experience general and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety
4
Q
phobias
A
experience a persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, anxiety, or situation
5
Q
panic disorder
A
recurrent attacks of terror
6
Q
obsessive compulsive disorder
A
overrun by recurrent thoughts that cause anxiety or by the need to perform repetitive actions to reduce anxiety
7
Q
PTSD
A
tormented by fear and related symptoms well after a traumatic event
8
Q
free floating anxiety
A
typically feel restless, on edge, difficulty concentrating suffer from muscle tension, and have sleep problems
9
Q
realistic anxiety
A
face actual danger
10
Q
neurotic anxiety
A
repeatedly prevented, from expressing their id impulses
11
Q
client centered therapy
A
the humanistic therapy developed by Carol Rodgers in which clinicians try to help clients by being accepting, emphasizing accurately, and conveying genuineness
12
Q
maladaptive assumptions
A
a notion that continues to be influential
13
Q
basic irrational assumptions
A
the inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems
14
Q
metacognitive theory
A
Adrian Wells, suggests that people with generalized anxiety disorder implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying
15
Q
intolerance of uncertainty theory
A
certain individuals believe that any possibility of a negative event occurring means that the event is likely to occur
16
Q
avoidance theory
A
thomas borkovec, suggests that people with this disorder have greater bodily arousal (higher heart rate, perspiration, respiration) than other people and that worrying actually serves to reduce this arousal, perhaps by distracting the individuals from their unpleasant physical feelings
17
Q
rational-emotive therapy
A
a cognitive therapy developed by albert elllis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder
18
Q
family pedigree study
A
a research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder
19
Q
benzodiasephines
A
the most common group of antianxiety drugs, which included Valium and Xanax
20
Q
GABA
A
the neurotransmitter gammaaminobutyric acid, whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder (carries inhibitory messgaes)
21
Q
sedative-hypnotic drugs
A
drugs that calm people at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses
22
Q
relaxation training
A
a treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations
23
Q
biofeedback
A
a technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily
24
Q
electromyograph (EMG)
A
a device that provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body
25
phobia
a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation
26
specific phobia
a severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation (other than agoraphobia and social phobia)
27
social phobia
a sever and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur
28
classical conditioning
a process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time because tied together in a persons mind and so produce
29
modeling
a process of learning in which a person observes and then imitates others
30
stimulus generalization
a phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli
31
preparedness
a predisposition to develop certain fears
32
exposure treatments
behavioral treatments in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread
33
systematic desensitization
a behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear heirarchy, to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread
34
flooding
a treatment for phobias in which client are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless
35
social skills training
a therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors
36
panic attacks
periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass
37
panic disorders
an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks
38
agoraphobia
an anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or help unavailable if panic-like symptoms were to occur
39
norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder and depression
40
locus ceruleus
a small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. many of its neurons use norepinephrine.
41
amygdala
a small, almond-shaped structure in the brain that processes emotional information
42
biological challenge test
a procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist
43
anxiety sensitivity
a tendency to focus on ones bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interrupt them as harmful
44
obsession
a persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image, that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety
45
compulsion
a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety
46
obsessive-compulsive disorder
a disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a need to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both
47
isolation
an ego defense mechanism in which people unconsciously isolate and disown undesirable and unwanted thoughts, experiencing them as foreign intrusions
48
undoing
an ego defense mechanism whereby a person unconsciously cancels out an unacceptable desire or act by performing another act
49
reaction formation
an ego defense mechanism whereby a person suppresses an unacceptable desire by taking on a lifestyle that expresses the opposite desire
50
exposure and response prevention
a behavioral treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder that exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts
51
neutralizing
a persons attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that out matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts
52
serotonin
a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders
53
orbitofrontal cortex
a region of the brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise
54
caudate nuclei
structures in the brain, within region known as the basal ganglia, that help convert sensory information into thoughts and action
55
stress management programs
an approach to treating generalized and other anxiety disorders that teaches clients techniques for reducing and controlling stress
56
stressor
the event that creates the demands
57
stress response
the persons reactions to the demands
58
hypothalamus
the features of arousal and fear are set in motion by the brain area
59
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
the network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all the other organs of the body
60
endocrine system
the system of glands located throughout the body that help control important activities such as growth and sexual activity
61
sympathetic nervous system
the verve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that quicken the heartbeat and produce other changes experienced as arousal and fear
62
parasympathetic nervous system
the nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that slow organ functioning after stimulation and return other bodily processes to normal
63
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway
one route by which the brain and body produce arousal and fear
64
corticosteroids
a group of hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at times of stress
65
acute stress disorder
an anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month
66
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
an anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms continue to be experienced long after a traumatic event
67
rape
forced sexual intercourse or another sexual act committed against a non consenting person or intercourse with an underage person
68
torture
the use of brutal, degrading, and disorientating strategies to reduce victims to a state of utter helplessness
69
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
a behavioral exposure treatment in which clients move their eyes in a saccadic (rhythmic) manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of objects and situations they ordinarily avoid
70
rap group
a group that meets to talk about and explore members' problems in an atmosphere of mutual support
71
psychological debriefing
a form of crisis intervention in which victims are helped to talk about their feelings and reactions to traumatic incidents
72
psychophysiological disorders
illnesses that result from an interaction of psychosocial and organic factors (apparent physical illness)
73
ulcer
a lesion that forms in the wall of the stomach or of the duodenum
74
asthma
a medical problem marked by narrowing of the trachea and bronchi, which results in shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and a choking sensation
75
insomnia
difficulty falling or staying asleep
76
muscle contraction headache
a headache caused by a narrowing of muscles surrounding the skull. also known as a tension headache
77
migraine headache
a very severe headache that occurs on one side of the head, often preceded by a warning sensation and sometimes accompanied by dizziness, nausea, or vomiting
78
hypertension
chronic high blood pressure
79
coronary heart disease
illness of the heart caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries
80
Type A personality style
a personality pattern characterized by hostility, cynicism, drivenness, impatience, competitiveness, and ambition
81
Type B personality style
a personality pattern in which persons are more relaxed, less aggressive, and less concerned about time
82
psychoneuroimmunolgy
the study of the connections between stress, the bodys immune system, and illness
83
immune system
the bodys network of activities and cells that identify and destroy antigens and cancer cells
84
antigen
a foreign invader of the body, such as a bacterium or virus
85
lymphocytes
white blood cells that circulate through the lymph system and bloodstream, helping the body identify and destroy antigens and cancer cells
86
behavioral medicine
a field that combines psychological and physical interventions to treat or prevent medical problems
87
somatoform disorders
problems that appear to be medical but are actually caused by psychosocial factors
88
dissociative disorders
patterns of memory loss and identity change that are caused almost entirely by psychosocial factors rather than physical ones
89
somatoform disorder
a physical illness or ailment that is explained largely by psychosocial causes, in which the patient experiences no sense of wanting or guiding the symptoms
90
hysterical somatoform disorders
somatoform disorders in which people suffer actual changes in their physical functioning
91
conversion disorder
a somatoform disorder in which a psychosocial need or conflict is converted into dramatic physical symptoms that affect coluntary motor or sensory function
92
somatization disorder
a somatoform disorder marked by numerous recurring physical ailments without an organic basis. also known as briquet's syndrome
93
pain disorder associated with psychological factors
a somatoform disorder marked by pain, with psychosocial factors playing a central role in the onset, or continuation of the pain
94
factitious disorder
an illness with no identifiable physical causes, in which the patient is believed to be intentionally producing or faking symptoms in order to assume a sick role
95
Münchausen syndrome
the extreme and chronic form of factitious disorder
96
Münchausen syndrome by proxy
a factitious disorder in which parents make up or produce illnesses in their children. also known as factitious disorder by proxy
97
preoccupation somatoform disorders
disorders in which people misinterpret and overact to minor, even normal, bodily symptoms or features
98
hypochondriasis
a disorder in which people mistakenly fear that minor changes in their physical functioning indicate a serious disease
99
body dysmorphic disorders
a disorder marked by excessive worry that some aspect of one's physical appearance is defective. also known as dysmorphophobia
100
memory
the faculty for recalling past events and past learning
101
dissociative disorders
disorders marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes
102
Dissociative Identity Disorder
have two or more separate identities that may not always be aware of each other's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
103
dissociative amnesia
a disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal events and information
104
localized amnesia
most common type of dissociative amnesia, in which a person loses all memory of events that took place within a limited period of time, almost always beginning with some very disturbing occurrence
105
amnestic episode
the forgotten period
106
selective amnesia
second most common form of dissociative amnesia, remember some, but not all, events that occured during a period of time
107
generalized amnesia
the loss of memory extends back to times long before the upsetting period
108
continuous amnesia
forgetting continues into the present
109
dissociative fugue
a disorder in which a person travels to a new location and may assume a new identity, simultaneously forgetting the past
110
subpersonalities
the two or more distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with dissociative identity disorder. also known as alternate personalities
111
mutually amnesic relationships
the subpersonalities have no awareness of one another
112
mutually cognizant patterns
each subpersonality is well aware of the rest
113
one-way amnesic relationships
the most common relationship pattern, some subpersonalities are aware of others, but the awareness is not mutual
114
co-conscious subpersonalities
"quiet observers" who watch the actions and thoughts of the other subpersonalities but do not interact with them
115
state-dependent learning
learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions
116
self-hypnosis
the process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events
117
hypnotic therapy
a treatment in which the patient undergoes hypnosis and is then guided to recall forgotten events or perform other therapeutic activities. also known as hypnotherapy
118
fusion
the final merging of two or more subpersonalities in multiple personality disorder
