Unit 2: European Exploration and SG’s Connections with the World, 16th- 18th Century Flashcards
(34 cards)
What are the 5 key regional developments during the 16th-18th Century? (2 are background info)
- Portuguese invasion of Malacca, 1511
- Dutch arrival in Indonesia, 1596
- Santa Catarina Incident, 1603
- Aceh attack of Singapore, 1613 (for background info only)
- Singapore offered as a Gift to Britain, 1703 (for background info only)
What year was the Portuguese invasion of Malacca?
1511
What year was the Dutch arrival in Indonesia?
1596
What year was the Santa Catarina Incident?
1603
What year was the Aceh attack of Singapore? (for bg info only)
1613
What year was Singapore offered as a Gift to Britain? (for bg info only)
1703
European interest to trade in the East could be attributed to the ______.
- Launched by ____________ in ____, the ______comprised a series of eight or nine major expeditions from western Europe to the Holy Land, continuing into the __th century.
• _______ increased European interest in trade by exposing them to more goods that they had not known about.
• Arab and other Muslim traders – traded further ____.
• European interest to trade in the East could be attributed to the Crusades.
- Launched by Pope Urban II in 1095, the Crusades comprised a series of eight or nine major expeditions from western Europe to the Holy Land, continuing into the 15th century.
• Crusades increased European interest in trade by exposing them to more goods that they had not known about.
• Arab and other Muslim traders – traded farther east.
• In ___, the Muslim Ottoman Empire conquered the Byzantine Empire.
• In 1453, the Muslim Ottoman Empire conquered the Byzantine Empire.
• In the 1450s, the Ottomans ______the overland route to Europeans.
• In the 1450s, the Ottomans closed the overland route to Europeans.
Prince Henry the Navigator
• Portugal’s Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) launched the first great ____________ of ________.
• Aim - sought new _____ and sources of ______for his kingdom & searched for eastern Christian allies against Islam.
Prince Henry the Navigator
• Portugal’s Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) launched the first great European voyages of exploration.
• Aim - sought new lands and sources of revenue for his kingdom & searched for eastern Christian allies against Islam.
Bartolomeu Dias
• Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to ___________.
- opening the way for a sea route from Europe to Asia.
- opened the door to ________ trade with India and other Asian powers.
Bartolomeu Dias
• Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to successfully sail around the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope).
- opening the way for a sea route from Europe to Asia.
- opened the door to increased trade with India and other Asian powers.
Vasco da Gama
• Vasco da Gama was the first European to reach _____via the __________ when he arrives at _____ on the Malabar Coast.
• Da Gama sailed from ______, ______. In ________, he ______ the Cape of Good Hope, and anchored at Malindi on the east coast of Africa.
Vasco da Gama
• Vasco da Gama was the first European to reach India via the Atlantic Ocean when he arrives at Calicut on the Malabar Coast.
• Da Gama sailed from Lisbon, Portugal. In July 1497, he rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and anchored at Malindi on the east coast of Africa.
Why would the Europeans embark on these voyages of discovery?
• 3G’s – Gold, God and Glory • Exchange of Goods & Services - Spice • Exchange of Ideas - Religion - Culture - Technology
Why do Europeans come to Southeast Asia for?
Europeans come to Southeast Asia mainly for spices, hornbill casques and unique things to Southeast Asia such as silk (China).
The 3G Theory
Historians use the term, “Gold, God, and Glory,” to describe the motives generating the overseas exploration, expansion, and conquests that allowed various European countries to rise to world power between 1400 and 1750. (basically why the Europeans searched for a new route to the East).
Gold
- Wealth, Money, Spices, Silk, Porcelain, Tea, Cotton
- Economic motivations are often said to be the primary reason that led to European expansion.
- “Gold” refers to the search for material gain through acquiring and selling goods.
- In the 1400s, spices such as cinnamon, pepper, cloves, nutmeg were a vital part of the world economy. As spices were highly valued and rare in Europe, Europeans deemed these items as “Gold”.
- The main source of spices was the Moluccas, an island-chain in present-day Indonesia that Europeans at that time called the Spice Islands.
- However, the Europeans did not have direct access to Asia as during the 1400s, Arab and Italian merchants controlled most trade between Asia and Europe. Muslim traders brought prized goods such as spices to the eastern Mediterranean ports, and Italian traders brought them to European markets.
- As these goods moved between the jungles of South and Southeast Asia, to their final points of sale in Europe, their cost would also increase exponentially as Muslim middlemen collected taxes as the goods changed hands.
- Europeans outside of Italy knew that it would be more profitable to gain direct access to Asia.
- Besides having to face the stiff prices due to Muslim and Venetian control of trade along the Silk Road, the Silk Road was mostly over land and took merchants a great deal of time to ship goods.
- European countries were thus interested in speeding up trade by finding a quicker sea route. As merchants gained influence in late-medieval western Europe, they convinced their governments to establish a direct connection to the lucrative Asian trade.
- For example, in 1511 a Portuguese fleet arrived at Melaka under the command of Alfonso de Albuquerque. Melaka was a thriving spice trade port. With their successful defeat of the Melaka’s Sultanate, the Portuguese forces had destroyed the Arabs’ control of the spice trade for they had gained control of the regional gateways to the Moluccas / Spice Islands. Albuquerque also believed that Melaka would become an important port linking Portugal to the spice trade from China. During this time, other Portuguese officials were establishing outposts in such places as Macau, China and Goa, India in order to create a string of friendly ports for ships heading to China and returning home to Portugal.
What was the main source of spices?
• The main source of spices was the Moluccas, an island-chain in present-day Indonesia that Europeans at that time called the Spice Islands.
God
• Characterized in part by rivalry with Islam and hatred of non-Christian religions, many kingdoms of Western Europe were inspired by religious zeal to spread the Christian faith in pagan lands, particularly in the strongly Catholic nations of Spain and Portugal, rulers such as Philip II of Spain sought the legendary kingdom of Prester John, whom they thought could help defeat the Muslims. The Crusades provided the Europeans a religious ideology and Christianity was one justification that European powers used to colonize new lands and sanctify Christian global dominance. Through militant crusading (the sword) and the missionary traditions of Christianity (the cross), non-Christian lands were conquered.
- For example, the Portuguese stormed the Melaka Bridge with the war cry ‘St James!’ and demolished the Melaka Sultanate’s royal mosque stone by stone. The Portuguese also built a fortress on the site of Sultan Mahmud’s demolished palace using stones that once belonged to the Sultan’s mosque. The Portuguese conquest of Melaka hence revealed the religious motivations driving European exploration and colonialism.
Glory
- To ______ their empire
- To expand their empire
- Building and outfitting ocean-going ships was expensive. Although Italian city-states such as Venice and Genoa organized some early voyages, individual city-states did not have the financial means to support these undertakings.
• Instead, it was the rulers of emerging nations who sponsored the great expeditions of the 1400s and the 1500s. Prince Henry the Navigator spearheaded Portugal’s exploration of Africa and the Atlantic in the 1400s. Portuguese sailors successfully navigated an eastward route to West Africa, where they established a trading foothold.
- Portugal then spread its empire down the western coast of Africa to the Congo, along the western coast of India, and eventually to Brazil and the Atlantic islands.
- Portuguese colonization in the 1400s inaugurated an era of aggressive European expansion across the Atlantic.
• Spain’s Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, were eager to share in the seemingly limitless riches of the “Far East” (known today as China). Threatened by the Portuguese monopoly on enslaved Africans and expansion in the Atlantic, Spain started their own colonization project with Christopher Columbus in 1492. The competition between the two nations continued and drew more and more Europeans to discover new lands.
What is the meaning of Colonizsation?
Colonisation: the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.
- Throughout the Age of European Exploration, there was much competition between monarchies.
- Besides ________ and _____, other European nations, which included ______, ______and Holland, would soon begin exploring the world. Some rulers sought to establish their claims to newly contacted territories so as to strengthen their position in European politics and increase their power.
- Through exploration, monarchs aspired to increase trade and build profitable empires which would bring them ______and _____.
- Throughout the Age of European Exploration, there was much competition between monarchies.
- Besides Portugal and Spain, other European nations, which included France, England and Holland, would soon begin exploring the world. Some rulers sought to establish their claims to newly contacted territories so as to strengthen their position in European politics and increase their power.
- Through exploration, monarchs aspired to increase trade and build profitable empires which would bring them prestige and glory.
Portuguese Attack on Malacca, ____ ____
- Afonso de Albuquerque captured the cities of Goa, Malacca, and Hormuz and founded the Portuguese empire in Asia.
- It was conquered from the Malacca Sultanate as part of Portuguese attempts to __________ of trade in the region.
- The Malacca Sultanate then went to __________.
- Although multiple attempts to conquer it were repulsed (fought back), the city was eventually lost to an alliance of Dutch and regional forces, thus entering a period of Dutch rule.
Portuguese Attack on Malacca, July 1511
- Afonso de Albuquerque captured the cities of Goa, Malacca, and Hormuz and founded the Portuguese empire in Asia.
- It was conquered from the Malacca Sultanate as part of Portuguese attempts to gain control of trade in the region.
- The Malacca Sultanate then went to Johor-Riau.
- Although multiple attempts to conquer it were repulsed (fought back), the city was eventually lost to an alliance of Dutch and regional forces, thus entering a period of Dutch rule.
- __________ took over Malacca in ____.
* _____ defeated the __________ forces and took over Malacca in ____.
- Portuguese took over Malacca in 1511.
* Dutch defeated the Portuguese forces and took over Malacca in 1641.
What is the order in which Europeans came to Singapore?
• Order in which Europeans came to Singapore:
Portuguese → Dutch → British (PDB)
