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Pharmacology (SPRING 2024) > UNIT 2 EXAM > Flashcards

UNIT 2 EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous System

A

functions to control and coordinate activity of all systems in the body;
involuntary and voluntary control;
2 subdivisions: peripheral
central

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord;
receives and interprets info; initiates motor responses

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

afferent nerves, efferent nerves;
12 cranial nerves;
31 spinal nerves;
somatic & autonomic

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4
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

nerves branch from cranial and spinal nerves;
innervates skeletal muscle;
voluntary control by cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

visceral;
branches of cranial and spinal nerves;
innervates cardiac muscle and smooth muscle of organs and glands;
involuntary control;
regulated by hypothalamus and medulla oblongata;
made up of ganglia (collections of synapses)

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6
Q

authorhythmicity

A

contraction without any stimulus

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7
Q

homeostasis

A

a process that keeps the internal organs at a state of dynamic equilibrium

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8
Q

preganglionic nerve

A

extends from the spinal cord

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9
Q

postganglionic nerve

A

extends from the ganglia, it receives a signal from the preganglionic nerve;
it sends a signal to an effector organ or gland

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters (NT)

A

keep impulses going, chemical substance, stimulates an internal organ or gland to produce a change/ action by binding to receptors

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11
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

fight, flight, fright;
adrenergic;
regulates activity of internal organs and glands during physical and mental stressful situations;
adrenal medulla releases EPI and NE

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12
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

rest and digest;
cholinergic;

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13
Q

Neurotransmission of Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Acetylcholine (ACH) released at ganglia onto nicotinic 1 (Nn) receptors of the postganglionic nerve;
Norepinephrine (NE) released by postganglionic nerve onto the effector gland or organ;
synthesized from dopamine

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14
Q

Epinephrine (EPI)

A

a hormone released by the adrenal medulla;
acts on adrenergic receptors

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15
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

sympathetic and CNS neurotransmitter;
precursor to NE;
stimulates many receptors (alpha, beta, dopaminergic)

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16
Q

Sympathetic (some)/Adrenergic Receptors (all)

A

alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2

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17
Q

Alpha-1 Receptors

A

found on glands, smooth muscles, eyes, most arteries and veins;
smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction;
mydriasis;
stimulated by EPI and NE;
release of NE and EPI by the adrenal medulla

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18
Q

Alpha-2 Receptors

A

relaxation/inhibition (parasympathetic response);
decreases contraction of smooth muscle of the vessels (vasodilation);
decreases release of NE/regulates the release
negative feedback loop

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19
Q

Beta-1 Receptors

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A

located on the heart;
stimulated by EPI and NE;
increases heart rate, force of contraction, and strength of AV conduction

20
Q

Beta-2 Receptors

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A

stimulated by EPI only;
located on smooth muscle (lungs and uterus), skeletal muscle arteries, and coronary arteries;
smooth muscle relaxation (lungs and uterus);
bronchodilation;
uterine relaxation;
relaxation of the coronary arteries and skeletal muscle arteries - vasoldilation

21
Q

Effects from Sympathetic Stimunlation

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A

release of EPI & NE from adrenal medulla;
vasoconstriction of the arteries (exceptions: arteries of the skeletal muscle and coronary arteries that are dilated);
increased HR;
increased force of contraction;
increased AV conduction;
decreased GI motility (smooth muscle contraction);
postganglionic NT released: NE;
mydriasis (pupils);
bronchodilation;
relaxation of the urinary bladder;
contraction of the urinary sphincter;
glycogen to glucose (energy is used)

22
Q

Vasocontrcition

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A

high rate of sympathetic nerve firing;
increases blood pressure but reduces blood flow

23
Q

Sympathomimetic Effects

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A

when drugs mimic the sympathetic nervous system (adrenergics, adrenergic agonists)

24
Q

Vasodilation

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A

low rate of sympathetic nerve firing;
decreases blood pressure bur increases blood flow

25
Sympatholytics
when drugs work against the sympathetic nervous system (adrenergic blocking, adrenergic blockers/inhibitors/antagonists)
26
ALPHA-1 Adrenergic Agonists
alpha-1 receptor is stimulated; contraction of smooth muscle, vasoconstriction (increased BP); vasoconstriction in nasal passages - shrinks swollen mucous membranes (decongestant effect); DRUGS: ephedrine - increases BP phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) - increases BP, nasal decongestant CLINICAL USE: increases BP; nasal decongestant; increases circulation of vital organs CONCERN: hypertensive and cardiac patients (in case of excessive vasoconstriction) PATIENT TEACHING/SIDE EFFECTS: slows digestion/urination; excessive nasal dryness
27
Adrenergic Agonists (ALPHA-1, BETA-1, BETA-2)
stimulates alpha-1, bet-1 and beta-2 receptors; vasopressor - vasoconstriction; higher BP; cardiac stimulator; bronchodilator; DRUGS: epinephrine (Adrenalin) USES: severe allergic reactions/anaphylaxis, shock, cardiac arrhythmias; PATIENT TEACHING/SIDE EFFECTS: increased heart rate and BP
28
ALPHA-1 Adrenergic Blockers
binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them; vasodilation (decreased BP); relaxation of smooth muscle; relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus (increases urine flow) DRUGS: prazosin (Minipress); doxazosin (Cardura); terazosin (Hytrin) USES: hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia PATIENT TEACHING/SIDE EFFECTS: orthostatic hypotension (BP decreases when a patient stands up) - caution with position changes, reflex tachycardia (when BP decreases, heart betas faster to raise it), GI upset, increased urination
29
BETA-1 Adrenergic Agonists
MOA: low dose stimulates dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in the kidneys causing vasodilation and increased renal blood flow; moderate dose stimulates beta-1 receptors; this increases heart rate, force of contraction, cardiac output; high dose stimulates alpha-1 receptors causing vasoconstriction (increase in BP); DRUGS: dobutamine USES: treatment of shock, increases BP, and increases heart function with acute heart failure PATIENT TEACHING/SIDE EFFECTS: overstimulation of the heart, CNS irritation
30
BETA-2 Adrenergic Agonists
stimulates beta-2 receptors; relaxes smooth muscle of the lungs, causing bronchodilation; relaxes smooth muscle of the uterus DRUGS: albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin, Accuneb) - bronchodilator; terbutaline (Brethine) - bronchodilator, uterine relaxant; formoterol (Foradil) - bronchodilator; salmeterol (Serevent) - bronchodilator; USES: asthma, respiratory illness/disease, pre-term labor PATIENT TEACHING/SIDE EFFECTS: tachycardia, jittery, tremors, headache
31
Selective BETA-1 Blockers
beta-1 receptors are blocked (antagonizes beta-1 effects of EPI and NE); decreases force of contraction; decreases AV conduction; decreases HR; decreases cardiac output, decreasing BP; USES: HTN, angina, arrythmias, tachycardia, migraines, glaucoma (decreases IOP); heart failure (decreases sympathetic activity) DRUGS: atenolol (Tenormin); metoprolol (Lopressor) PATIENT TEACHING/SIDE EFFECTS: drowsiness, GI upset, CNS depression, bradycardia, monitor serum lipid levels, mental depression, monitor glucose levels in diabetics
32
Non-Selective Beta Blockers (BETA-1 & BETA-2)
blocks beta-1 & beta-2 receptors; decreases HR, force of contraction, conduction, cardiac output, lowering BP; causes bronchoconstriction USES: HTN, arrythmias, angina, tachycardia, migraines, glaucoma (decrease IOP), heart failure ( decreases sympathetic activity) DRUGS: nadolol (Cogard); propranolol (Inderal); timolol (Blocarden); CONTRAINDICATION: asthma and respiratory disease patients, can trigger respiratory distress PATIENT TEACHING/SIDE EFFECTS: drowsiness, GI upset, CNS depression, bradycardia, monitor serum lipid levels, mental depression, monitor glucose levels in diabetic patients
33
Parasympathetic Sympathetic Nervous System
"Rest and Digest"; restoration of energy stores; balance; stimulates one specific body part/system; NT is CH at ganglia and postganglionic cells
34
Vagus Nerve
10th cranial nerve; parasympathetic fibers; branches to the larynx, pharynx, heart, lungs, blood vessels, and digestive areas; responsible for parasympathetic responses: slows heart rate, bronchoconstriction, decreases blood pressure, relaxes the smooth muscle of the GI tract, urinary sphincter; contracts the urinary bladder; gag reflex, sweating, speaking; sudden stimulation causes drop in HR and BP; can result in syncope
35
3 types of cholinergic reeptors
muscarinic (receptors in cardiac and smooth muscle and glands; at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings; decreases HR, cause bronchoconstriction, increases digestion and urination, causes miosis) nicotinic 1 (Nn) - receptors at ganglia of sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic nerves (synapse area) nicotinic 2 (Nm) - receptors found at skeletal muscles; if stimulated muscle contracts all are stimulated by ACH
36
Parasympathomimetics
when drugs mimic parasympathetic nervous system (cholinergic agonists, cholinergics)
37
Parasympatholytics
when drugs block receptors on the organs and glands of the parasympathetic nervous system (cholinergic antagonists, anticholinergics)
38
Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics (Direct-Acting Agonists)
directly bind and stimulate muscarinic (cholinergic) receptors in the parasympathetic division; mimic ACH; DRUGS: acetylcholine (ACH) - used for for miosis; cataract and other eye surgeries; pilocarpine (Pilocar) - used for glaucoma; causes miosis to decrease fluid in the eye; decreases IOP; bethanecol (Urecholine) - used for urinary retention and ileus/intestinal stasis; stimulates muscarinic receptors of the bladder and the GI tract to prevent constipation and urinary retention post-op and in the elderly
39
Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics (Indirect-Acting Agonists)
inhibit acetylcholinesterase (the enzyme that destroys ACH), thus increasing ACH; DRUGS: neostigmine (Prostigmin) USES: treat urinary retention and ileus/intestinal statis; reverses actions of rocuronium bromide (Zemuron) that causes respiratory paralysis from anesthesia by increasing levels of ACH at the nicotinic 2 (Nm receptors) on skeletal muscle; treatment for myasthenia gravis (antibodies attack Nm/N2 receptors) ANTIDOTE for overdose on anticholinergics: physostigmine (Eserine) - cholinergic
40
Cholinergic Side Effects and Patient Teaching
S: salivation L: lacrimation U: urinary incompetence D: defecation G: gastrointestinal distress E: emesis
41
Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics
bind to the muscarinic receptors, blocking ACH; DRUGS: atropine - antidote for cholinergic poisoning; increases HR; decreases vagus nerve activity; pre-op med: slows digestion and urination; mydriasis; dicydomine (Bentyl) - used for GI disorders (ulcers, colitis, IBS), decreases GI motility and secretions; ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) - bronchodilation; PATIENT TEACHING/SIDE EFFECTS: dry mouth, visual disturbances, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia
42
Swear Glands
Eccrine and Appocrine Glands
43
Eccrine Glands
non-hairy areas, through skin pores; sympathetic cholinergic control; muscarinic receptors; stimulated by ACH; regulated body temperature at all times
44
Apocrine Glands
hairy areas, through hair follicles and then through skin; sympathetic adrenergic control; alpha-1 receptors; stimulated by EPI & NE; used to cool down when expending energy
45
Parkinson's Disease
decreased levels of dopamine; leads to excessive ACH activity (excess motor activity, tremors, muscle rigidity, brady kinesia, posture/balance difficulty); Anti-Parkinson's drug therapy: increase DA, decrease metabolism of DA, stimulate DA receptors; Anti-Cholinergics: block ACH, reduce symptoms of tremor and rigidity
46
Somatic Nervous System
voluntary; skeletal muscle contraction; impulses originating in CNS to the somatic motor neurons; neurons connect wit skeletal muscle fibers = neuromuscular junction (NMJ); ACH acts on nicotinic 2 (Nm) receptors: respirations, contractions of diaphragm and chest muscles, tone for movement, tone for movement, body posture
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Pharmacology (SPRING 2024) (7 decks)

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