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Biology > Unit 2 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 2 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Distinguishing features of animal kingdom

A
  • cell-cell adhesion
  • gap junctions (communication)
  • 4 distinct tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve) many in “organs”
  • embryonic cell layers (2 or 3 germ layers)
  • movement (contractile muscle, not just flagella and cilia)
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2
Q

Fungi protist ancestor

A

water molds with flagella
- fungi lost flagella and evolved spores
- cell walls with chitin
- higher fungi dikaryon cells

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3
Q

Animal protist ancestor

A

colonies of flagellates
- all animals have multicellular reproductive organs

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4
Q

Plants protist ancestor

A

green algae
- all plants have multicellular reproductive organs

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5
Q

Plants sister group

A

Green algae (charophytes)

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6
Q

Distinguishing traits of the Plant Kingdom

A
  • monophyletic group (not unique)
  • multicellular embryos (retained for a while on the parent plant) “Embryophyta”
  • apical meristem (region of continuous mitosis)
  • multicellular male and female reproductive organs(not unique)
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7
Q

Shared traits of the Plant kingdom

A
  • complex multicell shared with fungi and animals
    -autotrophs and photosynthesis with algae
  • cellulose cell walls with green algae
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8
Q

Benefits for plants living on land

A
  • increased energy from sun
  • escape aquatic predators
  • easier to absorb CO2 from the air
  • easier for chlorophyll to absorb light energy
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9
Q

Challenges of plants living on land

A
  • gravity
  • water loss
  • water uptake
  • need to grow tall to compete for more sunlight
  • diff predators
  • too much UV
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10
Q

Adaptations for living on land for plants

A
  • support stems -> gravity
  • transport tissue -> water uptake
  • waxy cuticle -> water loss
  • root surface area
  • antipredator defenses
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11
Q

What reproductive adaptations evolved for plant success away from water

A

from swimming sperm to pollen

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12
Q

Purpose of each plant organ

A

Leaf - photosynthesis
Root - anchor and absorb
Stem - transport and support

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13
Q

Evidence of a common ancestor

A
  • DNA genome in all organism
  • metabolism with ATP as energy carrier
  • cell organization with a ppl bilayer
  • universal genetic code for proteins made from the same 20 amino acids
  • ribosomes with similar RNA sequences
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14
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

b - absent
a - absent
e - present

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15
Q

cell wall material

A

b - peptidoglycan
a - vaies, no peptidoglycan
e - animals = none, fundi = chitin, plants = cellulose

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16
Q

membrane lipids

A

b - unbranched hydrocarbons
a - diverse, some branched
e - unbranched hydrocarbons

17
Q

RNA polymerase

A

b - one kind
a - several kinds
e - several kinds

18
Q

chromosomes

A

b - one loop
a - one loop
e- multiple, linear

19
Q

introns in genes

A

b - very rare
a - present in some genes
e - present in many genes

20
Q

histones w/dna

A

b - absent
a - present in a few
e - present in all

21
Q

flagellum

A

b - rigid, hook
a - rigid, hook
e - flexible, whiplike

22
Q

ribosomes

A

b -
a-
e - larger, more dense

23
Q

cyanobacteria

A
  • photoautotrophs (energy source = light, carbon source = CO2)
  • conduct photosynthesis with both light reactions and CO2 fixation
  • caused the increase in oxygen in the environment = Oxygen Revolution
  • account for 1/3 of all O2 production in marine systems and freshwater
  • ONLY microbes the conduct water-splitting, O2 producing photosynthesis
24
Q

protist

A
  • diverse hodgepodge of single celled eukarya
  • eukarya organized at the single cell level
  • not a lot of specialized cells
25
Q

Cambrian explosion

A
  • occurred with shallow seas
  • massive worldwide flooding - lots of shallow waters with sediments being stirred up
  • sea level rise
  • erosion
  • extensive shallow water
  • chemical nutrients, triple the calcium levels
  • increased O2 levels
    Ca++ and minerals = thicker shells (used to barely move to having shells or rather an exoskeleton)
    Increased O2 levels = Evolved more complex muscles and nerve bc of aerobic respiration -> more ATP (more muscle development, bilateral symmetry, and more active movement)
    Extensive shallow seas = bilateral symmetry and more active movement
26
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

atmospheric N2 + Hydrogen atoms -> NH3 ammonia

27
Q

nitrogen fixing bacteria (some bacteria)

A
  • only organisms that can do this
  • first step towards building amino acids and other N-containing organic molecules
28
Q

types of archaea

A

salt loving (halophiles), heat loving (thermophiles), methane producing (anaerobic methanogens, marsh gas)

29
Q

evidence supporting endosymbiotic theory and process

A
  1. extensive membrane infolding to form membrane bound organelles
  2. endosymbiosis origin of mt and cp (bacterium engulfed by ancestral projaryote)
    evidence
  3. double membrane
  4. loop DNA
  5. prokaryotic ribosomes
  6. reproduction by binary fission
30
Q

advantages of reproducing asexually

A
  • no cost searching for a mate
  • pass all of genes to offspring (unknown quality of other parent genes)
  • all progeny can produce offspring, not just females
  • no risk of STI
31
Q

advantages of reproducing sexually

A
  • combiine beneficial mutations from two parents in a single offspring
    generate new combos of alles (independent assort, cross over, rand fert)
  • increased genetic variability allows faster evolution in changing environemtns
  • clear deleterious mutations faster than in asexual populations
32
Q

benefits of multicellularity

A
  • specialization of function
  • other cells still survive if issues
  • bigger, escape predators
33
Q

costs/requirements

A
  • have to communicate
  • have to be together (cell to cell adhesion)
34
Q

traits that distinguish true multicellular organisms from some protists like seaweeds that have more than one cell in an individual

A
  • specialized reproductive organs
  • specialized cells organized in tissues
35
Q

Compex multicellularity requires

A
  • cell cell communication
    cell cell adhesion
    MORE of the above two items, plus differentiated cells in specialized tissues, more efficient for specialized function, multicellular reproduction organs
36
Q

major step in the evolution of vertebrate animals

A

hinged jaws

37
Q

amniote egg found in

A

reptiles, birds, and mammals

38
Q

function of chitin in fungal cell wall

A
  • strength and prevent water loss
39
Q

why does water enter the cell during cell elongation

A
  • cell wall is looser so less constraint on cell volume
  • entry of solutes into cell causes water to follow

Biology (9 decks)

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