Unit 2 exam

Question 1

What functional groups are present in all amino acids?

Answer 1

amine group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH)

Question 2

What functional group can act as an acid?

Answer 2

carboxyl

Question 3

which functional group can act as a base?

Answer 3

amine (NH2)

Question 4

what is another name for a condensation reaction?

Answer 4

dehydration synthesis

Question 5

what’s an example of a polysaccharide?

Answer 5

cellulose

Question 6

what can amylase breakdown?

Answer 6

glycogen, starch, amylopectin

Question 7

What are the storage polysaccharides?

Answer 7

starch and glycogen

Question 8

Which macromolecule is cellulose?

Answer 8

carb

Question 9

What is a phospholipid?

Answer 9

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to a glycerol

Question 10

What is cholesterol?

Answer 10

a type of steroid, which is a component of animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized

Question 11

What are the bonds between amino acids?

Answer 11

peptide bonds

Question 12

What are polynucleotides made of?

Answer 12

a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and one or more phosphate groups

Question 13

What links nucleotides together?

Answer 13

phosphodiester bond

Question 14

What do all cells share?

Answer 14

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes, ribosomes

Question 15

How are prokaryotic cells are characterized?

Answer 15

no membrane bound nucleus, nucleoid, no membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm bound by a plasma membrane

Question 16

What does the endomembrane system consist of?

Answer 16

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membran

Question 17

What does the smooth ER do?

Answer 17

makes lipids and detoxes drugs and poisons

Question 18

What does the rough ER do?

Answer 18

secrete glycoproteins, vesicles, and membrane proteins

Question 19

What does the golgi do?

Answer 19

modifies products of the ER and sorts and packages them

Question 20

What do lysosomes do?

Answer 20

digest macromolecules (basically stomach)

Question 20

What are vacuoles?

Answer 20

large vesicles from the ER and Golgi

Question 21

What are perioxisomes?

Answer 21

oxidative organelles that carry out chemical reactions

Question 22

What is the endosymbiont theory?

Answer 22

early eukaryotic ancestor engulfed other cells that became the host cell (basically ate other cells and those became organelles)

Question 23

What do cristae do for mitochondria?

Answer 23

present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

Question 24

What do chloroplasts do and where are they located?

Answer 24

they contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, and other enzymes that function in photosynthesis and is in leaves and other green organs of plants and algae

Question 25

What are the structures of chloroplasts?

Answer 25

thylakoids (which form granum) and stroma

Question 26

Explain how peroxisomes work

Answer 26

they contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms and transfer them to oxygen, creating H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), which can help break down fatty acids and detoxify alcohol

Question 27

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 27

supports the cell, helps it maintain its shape, and interacts with motor proteins for cell motility

Question 28

How do vesicles and other organelles move?

Answer 28

they use their motor protein feet to travel along to cytoskeleton

Question 29

What are the three types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton (listed from largest to smallest)?

Answer 29

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

Question 30

What do microtubules do?

Answer 30

shape the cell, guide movement of motor proteins, and separate chromosomes during cell division

Question 31

Where are cilia and flagella located?

Answer 31

sperm, lining of the respiratory tracts

Question 32

What do microfilaments fo?

Answer 32

help support the cell's shape and forms a cortex just inside of the plasma membrane

Question 33

What do intermediate filaments do?

Answer 33

they support cell shape and fix organelles in place

Question 34

What are plasmodesmata?

Answer 34

channels that connect plant cells

Question 35

What do tight junctions do?

Answer 35

everything is pressed tightly together to limit the leaking of extracellular fluid

Question 36

What do desmosomes do?

Answer 36

fasten cells into strong sheets

Question 37

What do gap junctions do?

Answer 37

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

Question 38

What are structural isomers?

Answer 38

have different covalent arrangements (contain the same atoms, but they are in a different structure)

Question 39

What are cis-trans isomers?

Answer 39

have the same covalent bonds but the atoms are in different places (structure looks the same but atoms have swapped places)

Question 40

What are enantiomers?

Answer 40

isomers that are mirror images of each other (like hands)

Question 41

What part of organic molecules are most commonly involved in chemical reactions?

Answer 41

functional groups

Question 42

How do cells in multicellular organisms communicate?

Answer 42

signaling molecules

Question 43

What are cell junctions and what kind of communication do they do?

Answer 43

direct connections between neighbors and direct signaling

Question 44

Can some cells communicate through direct contact?

Answer 44

yes, some animal cells

Question 45

What is paracrine signaling?

Answer 45

local signaling when secreted messenger molecules travel a short distance (ex: growth factors in nearby cells)

Question 46

What is synaptic signaling?

Answer 46

occurs in the nervous system (neurotransmitters)

Question 47

What is endocrine signaling?

Answer 47

signaling in animal specialized cells which release hormones and can travel far

Question 48

What are the three phases of cell signaling?

Answer 48

signal reception, signal transduction, cellular response

Question 49

What is apoptosis?

Answer 49

programmed cell death