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AP Psychology > Unit 2 - Extra Terms > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Extra Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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2
Q

Dual Processing

A

Principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious consciousness and unconscious tracks.

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3
Q

Brain Lesion

A

Destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors.

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4
Q

Plasticity/Neuroplasticity

A

Brain’s ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness.

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5
Q

Left Hemisphere Specialties

A

Reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, comprehension skills, and language.

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6
Q

Right Hemisphere Specialties

A

Non-verbal abilities, facial recognition, patterns.

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7
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

24-hour cycle of wakefulness and sleep.

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8
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease melatonin (hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle) from the pineal gland and increase it at night fall.

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9
Q

Sleep Stages

A

Every 90 minutes; cycle of four distinct sleep stages (about 4 or 5 times per night). During each cycle each stage of REM becomes longer.

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10
Q

NREM Sleep; Stages 1-3

A

Hypnagogic state, drifting thoughts, falling sensations; mild hallucinations, light sleep, daydreaming (stages 1-2); sleep spindles/bursts of activity begin during stage 2; sleepwalking and bedwetting during stage 3.

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11
Q

Delta Waves

A

Large, slow waves of deep sleep

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12
Q

REM Sleep Stage

A

Paradoxical sleep; muscles are relaxed; body systems such as the brain is active; fast and regular beta waves; much like awake-aroused state; Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and reports vivid dreams.

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13
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Can cause a depressed immune system

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14
Q

Freud’s Wish Fulfillment Theory

A

Dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings.

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15
Q

Freud’s Manifest v. Latent Content

A

Manifest - Remembered story line; Latent - underlying meaning

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16
Q

Information Processing Theory

A

Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memory.

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17
Q

Cognitive-Development Theory

A

Reflects dreamers’ cognitive development - their knowledge and understanding (Cognitive Perspective)

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18
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

Brain engages in a lot of random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity (Neuroscience Perspective)

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19
Q

REM Rebound

A

When deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep, we show increased REM sleep.

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20
Q

Insomniacs

A

Have a normal desire for sleep, but is unable to and feels tired during the day; persistent problems in falling or staying asleep.

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21
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Uncontrollable sleep attacks; linked to low levels of orexin.

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22
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Cessation of breathing during sleep; momentary reawakenings

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23
Q

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

A

Acts out dreams; can be dangerous due to the possibility of injuring the sleeper or the person next to them.

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24
Q

Night Terrors

A

Intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions; occurs during stage 3

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25
Q

Nightmares

A

A vivid dream that is frightening; occurs during stage 4 (REM)

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26
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleepwalking

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27
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

28
Q

Chromosome

A

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

29
Q

DNA

A

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

30
Q

Gene

A

The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins.

31
Q

Genome

A

The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes.

32
Q

Identical Twins

A

Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.

33
Q

Fraternal Twins

A

Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

34
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.

35
Q

Heritability

A

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studies. Ex.: High heritability > differences among people are due to genes, and the environment had little effect. OR Low heritability > differences among people are mainly due to the environment, and the genes had little effect.

36
Q

Interaction

A

The interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).

37
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change; the study of how your behavior and environment can affect the way your genes are expressed or function.

38
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

The study of behavior and mind while using the principles of natural selection and other aspects of evolutionary biology.

39
Q

Natural Selection

A

The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

40
Q

Mutation

A

A random error in gene replication that leads to a change.

41
Q

Substance Use Disorder

A

Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and or physical risk.

42
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

43
Q

Tolerance

A

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.

44
Q

Withdrawal

A

The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior.

45
Q

Depressants (Alcohol)

A

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

46
Q

Alcohol Use Disorder / Alcoholism

A

Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

47
Q

Barbiturates (Tranquilizers)

A

Drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

48
Q

Opiates (Heroin)

A

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

49
Q

Stimulants (Caffeine and Nicotine)

A

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstacy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

50
Q

Amphetamines

A

Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

51
Q

Methamphetamines

A

A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

52
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)

A

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

53
Q

Cocaine

A

A powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria.

54
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Psychedelic (“mind manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

55
Q

LSD

A

A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

56
Q

THC

A

The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

57
Q

GABA

A

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter; undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

58
Q

Glutamate

A

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory; oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures (which is why some people avoid MSG, monosodium glutamate, in food.)

59
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

The endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

60
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

61
Q

EEG

A

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

62
Q

CT Scan

A

A series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure; also called CAT scan.

63
Q

PET Scan

A

A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

64
Q

MRI

A

A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

65
Q

fMRI

A

A technique for revealing blood flow, and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain functions as well as its structure.

66
Q

Autopsy

A

A postmortem examination to discover the cause of death or extent of disease.

AP Psychology (23 decks)

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