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Unit 2 Key Words Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behaviour

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A procedure during which an animal or person learns to associate a reflex response with a new stimulus

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3
Q

Classical Conditioning Schedule

A

The steps in the procedure to condition a new response

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4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

The stimulus that produces a reflex response

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5
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

The reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

A new stimulus, presented with the unconditioned stimulus, that produces a learned response

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7
Q

Conditioned Response

A

A response that is learned, which occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented

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8
Q

Extinction

A

When a conditioned response no longer occurs from a conditioned stimulus (it dies out)

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9
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

A conditioned response that has extinguished but suddenly appears again after a period of time

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10
Q

Generalisation

A

The conditioned response is produced with stimulus that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Discrimination

A

The conditioned response is only produced with the conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning due to the consequences of behaviour, through positive or negative reinforcement

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13
Q

Law of Effect

A

Behaviours that are rewarded are usually repeated, those that are punished are not

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14
Q

Punishment

A

A stimulus that weakens behaviour because it is unpleasant and we try to avoid it

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15
Q

Reinforcement

A

A consequence of behaviour that encourages or strengthens the behaviour

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16
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

A reward, or pleasant consequence, that increases the likelihood of a certain behaviour being repeated

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17
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

When an unpleasant experience is removed after a behaviour or action is made, this increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

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18
Q

Behaviour Shaping

A

Changing behaviour in small steps

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19
Q

Phobia

A

A persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity or situation

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20
Q

Flooding

A

A treatment of phobias that involves the patient being exposed directly to the object that causes fear until there is no fear response

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21
Q

Systematic Desensitisation

A

A treatment for phobias, in which a person is taught to relax and is gradually exposed to the object that causes fear

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22
Q

Hierarchy of Fears

A

A series of feared events, ranked from least frightening to most frightening

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23
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

A treatment for addictions that makes the addict have an extremely negative reaction to the addictive substance

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24
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

A reward that a person needs in order to survive

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25
Secondary Reinforcer
A reward, such as a token, that can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer
26
Social Influence
The effect other people have on our behaviour
27
Conformity
A change in a person's behaviour or opinions as a result of group pressure
28
Obedience
Following the orders of someone we believe to have authority
29
Socialisation
The way that we are raised to behave and the things we are taught to accept as 'normal'
30
Deindividuation
The state of losing our sense of individuality and becoming less aware of our own responsibility for our actions
31
Mundane Realism
An everyday situation, that is life-like and not artificial
32
Social Loafing
Putting less effort into doing something when you are with others doing the same thing
33
Muraad
Literally the coolest guy ever. I think I am in love with him.
34
Diffusion of Responsibility
In a group of people, there is less need to act because someone else who is present could also do something
35
Altruism
Helping someone without thinking of yourself
36
Bystander Apathy
Doing nothing in an emergency situation when someone is in need of help
37
Sex Identity
A biological term, determined by hormones and chromosomes
38
Gender Identity
A psychological term, determined by attitudes and behaviours
39
Phallic Stage
Freud's third stage of psychosexual development, in which gender development takes place
40
Identification
To adopt the attitudes and behaviours of the same-sex parent
41
Oedipus Complex
The conflict experienced by a boy in the phallic stage because he unconsciously desires his mother and is afraid his father will castrate him
42
Electra Complex
The conflict experienced by a girl because she unconsciously desires her father, but is afraid of losing her mother's love
43
Gender Disturbance
Developing the gender identity that is not usually associated with one's sex
44
Modelling
A role model provides an example for a child
45
Imitation
Copying the behaviour of a role model
46
Vicarious Reinforcement
Learning from watching a model be rewarded or punished, strengthening or reducing the chance that the child will commit the same behaviour
47
Gender Stereotypes
Believing that all males are similar and all females are similar
48
Gender Schema
A mental building block of knowledge, that contains information about gender
49
Highly Gender Schematised
Having rigid and stereotyped views about gender
50
Aggression
Behaviour aimed at harming others
51
Hormones
Chemicals released by our endocrine system, that affects how our bodies function and how we behave
52
Chromosomes
The parts of each cell that carry genetic information
53
Thanatos
The part of our unconscious that causes our aggressive drive
54
Ego Defence Mechanisms
Behaviour strategies used by the individual to protect itself
55
Vicarious Learning
Learning through observation
56
Monitoring
Judging whether our own behaviour is appropriate or not
57
PET Scan
A technique to show how the brain is working, by imaging it while the patient carries out a mental task
58
Ritalin
A drug used to control ADHD
59
Psychosurgery
An operation on the brain, to remove or destroy the part of the brain that is causing abnormal behaviour
60
Catharsis
The process of getting rid of your emotion by watching other people experience emotion
61
Questionnaire
A set of standard questions about a topic that is given to all participants in a survey
62
Survey
A method used for collecting information about a large number of people by asking them questions
63
Closed Question
A question where there a fixed set of possible responses
64
Open Question
A question where the person answering can give any response they like
65
Interview
A method in which a researcher collects data by asking questions directly
66
Structured Interview
An interview in which all questions are pre-set, given in a fixed order, and every interviewee is asked the same questions
67
Unstructured Interview
An interview in which only a few questions are set, and the rest of the questions are determined by the answers of the interviewee (like a discussion)
68
Natural Observation
Watching the behaviour of people in their usual environment
69
Observation Study
A method of collecting information about behaviour by watching and recording people's actions
70
Categories of Behaviour
The separate actions that are recorded as examples of the target behaviour
71
Inter-observer Reliability
How similar the results produced by each observer are When this is high, the records made by more than one observer in a study are considered to be accurate because they are similar to each other
72
Case Study
An in-depth investigation of an individual, small group or organisation
73
Relationship
A connection between two or more variables
74
Variables
A factor (or thing) that can change
75
Correlation
A technique used to establish the strength of a relationship between two variables
76
Scatter Graph
A graph for representing correlations
77
Positive Correlation
A relationship between two variables, in which as one increases, the other increases
78
Negative Correlation
A relationship between two variables, in which as one increases, the other decreases
79
No Correlation
There is no relationship between two variables

Psychology (4 decks)

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