Unit 2: Living World - Biodiversity

Question 1

types of ecosystem services

Answer 1

provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting

Question 2

provisional services

Answer 2

tangible things we get from eco(energy, food)

Question 3

regulating services

Answer 3

benefits we get from eco processes(erosion control, climate regulation)

Question 4

cultural services

Answer 4

nonmaterial benefits from eco(aesthetic, heritage, recreational, educational)

Question 5

supporting services

Answer 5

services needed for other eco processes to happen(photosynthesis, nutrient recycling) – BASE, W/O IT, THE OTHER SERVICES COULDN’T HAPPEN

Question 6

what are ecosystem services

Answer 6

what ecosystems provide us and gives reason to maintain biodiversity

Question 7

ecological tolerance

Answer 7

range of tolerance biotic factors can live in regards to levels/amounts of abiotic factors(temp, ph, light)

Question 8

ranges within range of tolerance

Answer 8

optimum: where species thrive

zone of physiological stress: can survive but not many

zone of intolerance: not survivable for that population

Question 9

types of diversity

Answer 9

species, ecosystem, genetic

Question 10

ecosystem diversity

Answer 10

diff types of ecosystems/biomes(ocean, coastline, forest, mountain range) — provides diff habitats so species can fufil their jobs

Question 11

species diversity

Answer 11

diff species in that ecosystem – the HIGHER the number the HIGHER the richness

Question 12

what is a benefit from having high species diversity/richness

Answer 12

can quickly recover from eco disturbances

Question 13

genetic diversity

Answer 13

genetic diversity within species, KEY for survival(variations in response to disease and range of tolerance)

Question 14

species richness

Answer 14

number of diff type of species

Question 15

species evenness

Answer 15

relative abundance of that type of species

Question 16

What are two factors to consider what determining the biodiversity in an ecosystem?

Answer 16

species richness and eveness

Question 17

what is biggest threat to biodiversity

Answer 17

loss of habitat

Question 18

who is most at risk when there’s loss of habitat

Answer 18

specialist species(have v narrow range of tolerance) and large animals(need big area to hunt)

Question 19

other threats to biodiversity

Answer 19

• invasive species
• pollution
• pop growth
• climate change
• overharvesting

Question 20

what is long term and short term adaptation called

Answer 20

long: evolution
short: changes in behavior

Question 21

who is able to better withstand changes in enviorment

Answer 21

generalist(have wider range of tolerance, wider diet)

Question 22

what types of changes are easier to adapt to

Answer 22

gradual(when it’s sudden, like clearing land, specialist need to move or die)

Question 23

island biogeography

Answer 23

biodiversity of island type areas(doesn’t have to be acc island - central park)

Question 24

what are u looking at in island biogeography

Answer 24

time it takes to immigrate to island and time it takes to go extinct there(point where they meet is equilibrium)

Question 25

what affects equilibrium in island biogeography

Answer 25

- size of island | - distance from mainland

Question 26

what makes the biodiversity higher on island biogeography

Answer 26

when the island is BIGGER and CLOSER to the mainland(bigger target and easier to reach)

Question 27

what will resources on the island dictate

Answer 27

whether specialists OR generalists species will thrive(specialists are vulnerable if invasive species arrive to the island)

Question 28

what is the equilibrium in island biogeography

Answer 28

the state at which things on the island are stable(no shift in ppl coming or leaving)

Question 29

succession

Answer 29

predictable pattern that plant life will come back to an area after a disturbance

Question 30

primary succession stages(volcanic eruption or glacial retreat)

Answer 30

1. lichen(pioneer species) 2. lichen weather the rock(chem/phys) 3. lichen die and add organic matter to rock=soil 4. small herbs and shrubs - fast growing, like light, need minimal nutrients/soil(early colonizers) 5. shrubs die and add nutrients to soil 6. big shrubs(fast growing, need deeper soil and lot of light) 7. fast growing pine trees(like light, more nutrients/soil) 8. pine creates SHADE, block out and kill shrubs 9. hardwood trees grow(THEY LIKE SHADE) 10. hardwood create SHADE(kill pines) ——when hardwood trees are there, climax community made/community is older

Question 31

difference between primary and secondary succession

Answer 31

primary starts all the way back at BARE ROCK | secondary SOIL STILL REMIAN

Question 32

what do pioneer species need to be successful

Answer 32

light

Question 33

Which organism is a likely pioneer species in secondary succession?

Answer 33

grasses

Question 34

how do larger plants affect smaller plants in succession

Answer 34

they outcompete smaller plants for resources(blocks light), causing a reduction in their populations.

Question 35

ecosystem disruptions

Answer 35

natura or human caused(can be major or minor) | effects: habitat changes, animals may respond by migration(back and forth, seasonal)

Question 36

timing of disruption categories

Answer 36

random(no pattern) periodic(brought by changes in the season, predictable/patterns) episodic(take a long time ex: sea level rise)

Question 37

can we tell what type of succession the disturbance was when it’s at climax

Answer 37

NO. both primary and secondary end in hard wood. u could mayb guess when it’s early

Question 38

What does HIPPCO mean and what does it stand for

Answer 38

``` 6 greatest human impacts: Habitat Destruction(worst), Invasive Species, Pollution, Population Growth, Climate Change, Overfishing/harvesting ```

Question 39

pollination is what type of service

Answer 39

regulating service

Question 40

difference between regulating and supporting service

Answer 40

regulating: organism doing what they normally do(decay) and we benefit from it supporting: foundational, has to happen for other things to happen(ex: photosynthesis, all the cycles), not something we could necessarily do, without it we wouldn't even have plants to pollinate

Question 41

goal of pioneer species?

Answer 41

rebuild soil