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Higher Biology > Unit 2 - metabolism and survival > Flashcards

Unit 2 - metabolism and survival Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up a membrane

A

Bilayer of phospholipids with proteins embedded in it

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2
Q

What term is used to describe the structure of a membrane

A

Fluid mosaic model

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3
Q

What type of membrane is selectively permeable

A

Plasma membrane

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4
Q

Why does a membrane form compartments

A

To keep metabolic processes in specific regions/ to keep enzymes apart

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5
Q

Why is compartmentalisation import in cells like mitochondria

A

The folds increases surface area which makes reactions faster, ie more ATP can be produced

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6
Q

What are the 4 membrane protein functions

A

Enzymes, channel (pore) proteins, carrier (pump) proteins and structural support

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7
Q

What allows specific molecules to pass through the membrane

A

Channel (pore) proteins

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8
Q

What is the purpose of carrier proteins

A

Binds to specific molecule temporarily to let them cross the membrane

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9
Q

What is a catabolic pathway

A

Breakdown of complex molecules to simpler ones (releases energy)

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10
Q

What is an anabolic pathway

A

Biosynthesis of complex molecules from simpler building blocks

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11
Q

Give the definition of a metabolic pathway

A

Series of chemical reactions that follow one after another

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12
Q

What controls metabolic pathways

A

Enzymes

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13
Q

Give an example of a reversible metabolic pathway

A

Anaerobic respiration in mammals

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14
Q

What can interrupt metabolic pathways

A

Vemons, toxins and poisons

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15
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Energy required to initially break bonds for a reaction to happen

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16
Q

What effect does an enzyme have on the activation energy

A

Lowers activation energy

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17
Q

What is the enzyme function described as

A

An induced fit

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18
Q

When a substrate binds to the active site does it have a low or high affinity for the active site

A

High affinity

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19
Q

When substrate does the substrate have a low affinity for the active site

A

When it moves away from the active site

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20
Q

Is the active site a perfect fit for the substrate?

A

No it is a near perfect fit and then adapts to fit perfectly around the substrate

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21
Q

What is a co-factor

A

Molecules needed to make the enzyme more efficient

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22
Q

What term is given to enzymes that work in groups

A

Multi enzyme complex

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23
Q

How can cells control their enzyme activity

A
  • Controlling number of enzymes
  • changing enzyme shape
  • keeping reactions in compartments
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24
Q

What is an enzyme inhibitor

A

Reduces rate of enzyme activity by interfering with enzyme

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25
Q

What is competitive inhibition

A

Inhibitor has similar shape to the substrate molecule, fits into active site but remains unreacted, decreases rate

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26
Q

Is competitive inhibition temporary or permanent

A

Temporary - effects reduced by increasing substrate concentration

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27
Q

How does a non-competitive inhibitor work

A

Inhibitor binds to enzyme but not to active site, shape of active site altered, substrate no longer fits

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28
Q

What is feedback inhibition

A

Rate controlled by end product build up

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29
Q

Where does the energy required to build up ATP from ADP come from

A

The breakdown of glucose

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30
Q

What are the purposes of ATP

A
  • provide energy for cellular processes

- needed for phosphorylation reactions

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31
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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32
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

In the cytoplasm

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33
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis

A

2 ATP

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34
Q

What enzyme removes the H ions and electrons

A

Enzyme dehydrogenase

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35
Q

What happens in the energy investment stage of glycolysis

A

Glucose is broken down to an intermediate which is broken down to another intermediate. 2ATP are required for phosphorylation to the intermediate

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36
Q

What happens in the energy pay off stage of glycolysis

A

The intermediate is broken down into pyruvate. 4ADP + Pi is build up to 4ATP. The enzyme dehydrogenase removes the H ions ad electrons passing them onto the coenzyme NAD which becomes NADH

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37
Q

Where does the critic acid cycle take place

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

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38
Q

What does pyruvate break down into during the citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl

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39
Q

What bonds with acetyl to become acetyl coenzyme A

A

Co enzyme A

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40
Q

What two compounds join to make citrate in the citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl coenzyme A and oxaloacetate

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41
Q

What is released during the citric acid cycle

A

Carbon dioxide

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42
Q

FAD becomes what during the citric acid cycle

A

FADH2

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43
Q

What picks up hydrogen during the citric acid cycle

A

NAD

44
Q

In the absence of oxygen what does pyruvate convert into

A

Lactate or ethanol + CO2

45
Q

What molecules does the hydrogen that passes through the electron transport chain come from

A

NADH and FADH2

46
Q

Where is the electron transport chain found

A

In the cristae of the mitochondria

47
Q

What happens as electrons are passed down the ETC

A

Energy is lost

48
Q

What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain

A

Final hydrogen and electron acceptor

49
Q

What enzyme allows the conversion of ADP+Pi to ATP

A

ATP synthase

50
Q

How does the enzyme ATP synthase rotate in the ETC

A

Hydrogen ions flowing through the ATP synthase from the intermolecular space into the matrix

51
Q

How many ATP are made in the ETC

A

36 ATP

52
Q

What is the total number of ATP molecules made from aerobic respiration

A

38 ATP

53
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen -> CO2 + water + energy

54
Q

What are the 3 main stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

55
Q

During anaerobic respiration what is the only stage that takes place

A

Glycolysis

56
Q

How many ATP are produced during anaerobic respiration

A

2 ATP

57
Q

What is the work equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Pyruvic acid -> lactic acid

58
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation in plants

A

Pyruvic acid -> ethanol + CO2

59
Q

What type of respiration is the most efficient

A

Aerobic

60
Q

What can be used to measure the rate of respiration

A

Respirometer

61
Q

What other molecules can be used in respiration pathways

A

Fats, proteins and sugars. All known as respiratory substrates

62
Q

What is metabolic rate

A

The quantity of energy used by the body over time

63
Q

What can be used to measure the heat generated by an organism

A

Calorimeter

64
Q

Where do fish absorb gases

A

In gills

65
Q

What direction do fish diffuse oxygen into blood on the concentration gradient

A

Down concentration gradient

66
Q

What is a single circulatory system

A

Blood passes through the heart once for each circuit of body

67
Q

What type of circulatory system does a fish have

A

Single circulatory system

68
Q

How many chambers does a fish have in its heart and what are their names

A

2 chambers - 1 atrium and 1 ventricle

69
Q

At what pressure does blood flow through a fish’s body

A

Blood flows to gills at high pressure and then to the capillaries at low pressure - inefficient

70
Q

What type of circulatory system to amphibians and reptiles have

A

Incomplete double circulatory system

71
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

Blood passes through the heart twice for each circuit of the body

72
Q

Why is the circulatory system in amphibians, reptiles and mammals said to be efficient

A

Blood is always pumped at high pressure

73
Q

Why is the circulatory system in amphibians and reptiles said to be incomplete

A

There is only 1 ventricle and some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood occurs

74
Q

How many chambers are in amphibians and reptiles hearts

A

3 chambers - 2 atria + 1 ventricle

75
Q

In mammals what kind of circulatory system is present

A

Complete double circulatory system

76
Q

How many chambers are in mammals hearts

A

4 chambers - 2 atria and 2 ventricles

77
Q

Where can low oxygen levels occur

A

High altitudes, deep diving marine habitats

78
Q

What adaptions to organisms make to survive at high altitudes

A
  • Higher breathing rate
  • increased number of red blood cells
  • blood vessels are broader
79
Q

What adaptions do organisms make for deep diving environments

A
  • lungs collapse
  • decrease in blood flow
  • blood diverted to vital organs
  • increased number of red blood cells
  • lower metabolism
80
Q

What does a high maximum oxygen uptake (VO2) show about a person fitness

A

Higher VO2 = greater fitness

81
Q

What are conformers

A

Organisms that are unable to alter their normal metabolic rate by altering physiological mechanisms

82
Q

What are some behavioural adaptions that conformers make

A
  • Vaporisation
  • convection
  • conduction
  • radiation
83
Q

What are regulators

A

Organisms that use physiological means to control their internal environment to maintain homeostasis

84
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintenance of the body’s internal environment in response to changes in surroundings

85
Q

What is negative feedback

A

Change from optimum detected by receptors that switch on a corrective mechanism to restore conditions to normal

86
Q

What cells monitor internal environment and detect changes

A

Receptors

87
Q

What are effectors

A

Muscles or glands that respond to messages

88
Q

What part of the brain contains the body temperature monitoring centre

A

Hypothalamus

89
Q

What detects changes in blood temperature

A

Thermo-receptors

90
Q

Why must enzymes associated with metabolism control stay at an optimum

A

If enzyme becomes denatured, metabolism slows down and eventually stops

91
Q

What are some changes the body makes when it detects a decrease in temperature

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • less sweating
  • hairs raised
  • metabolic rate increases
  • shivering
92
Q

What are some changes the body makes when it detects an increase in temperature

A
  • vasodilation
  • increased sweating
  • hairs lies flat
  • decrease in metabolic rate
93
Q

Why do organisms benefit by going through periods of dormancy

A

Minimises metabolic rate to conserve energy at times of adverse conditions

94
Q

What is predictive dormancy

A

When animals enter dormant phase before the onset of adverse conditions

95
Q

What is consequential dormancy

A

When an animal enters a dormant phase after the onset of adverse conditions

96
Q

What term is used to describe dormancy during cold months

A

Hibernation

97
Q

What changes to animals make to their body functions during hibernation

A
  • lowers metabolism

- decrease body temperature, heart rate, ect

98
Q

What term is used to describe dormancy during hot months

A

Aestivation

99
Q

What requires less energy, hibernation or aestivation

A

Aestivation

100
Q

What term is used to describe short periods of inactivity during the day

A

Daily torper

101
Q

What kind of metabolic rate do organisms who go through daily torper have

A

Organisms with high metabolic rate

102
Q

What is the advantage of migration

A

Animal avoids adverse conditions by moving from one place to another

103
Q

What influences migration

A

Innate and learned behaviour

104
Q

What kind of behaviour is triggered by external stimulus

A

Innate behaviour

105
Q

What are some tracking methods

A
  • direct observation
  • radio
  • satellite
  • marking/tagging
  • radar
  • sonar
106
Q

What are extremophiles

A

Microorganisms that live in extreme environments

107
Q

What scientific benefit does studying extremophiles have

A

To be able to extract enzymes that are stable at high temperatures

Higher Biology (3 decks)

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