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Psychology > UNIT 2 MIDTERM > Flashcards

UNIT 2 MIDTERM Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

WHat is operant conditioning?

A

A learning process that uses rewards and punishments to modify voluntary behaviors

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Earning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g. a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g. food) that naturally produces a behavior

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3
Q

Another term for classical conditioning?

A

Pavlovian Conditioning

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4
Q

What was the conditioned stimulus in the little albert experiment?

A

Loud noise

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5
Q

What was the conditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

Salivating to a bell

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6
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

Anything that increases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated

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7
Q

What is a fixed-ratio schedule?

A

Reinforcement schedule where a reinforcement is given after the next correct response after a fixed number of responses has occupied

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8
Q

WHat is the first stage of information processing?

A

Encode

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9
Q

WHat is prospective memory?

A

Type of memory use to recall future events

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10
Q

What is the capacity of long-term memory?

A

Unlimited

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11
Q

WHat is the ability to recall events that happen prior to the age of three?

A

infantile amnesia

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12
Q

WHat is REM sleep

A

Stages of known as paradoxical sleep

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13
Q

Type of brain waves that indicate alertness

A

Alpha Waves

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14
Q

Length of a sleep cycle

A

90 min

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15
Q

What stage does sleepwalking/talking occur

A

stage 4

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16
Q

What is sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder where a person repeatedly stops breathing when sleeping

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17
Q

Thurstone’s name for 8 specific factors that make up intelligence

A

primary mental abilities

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18
Q

WHo was Charles Spearman

A

He believed that general (g) intelligence was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests

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19
Q

What is the term used for the intellectual level at which a child is functioning?

A

Mental age

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20
Q

WHat is Sternberg’s type of intelligence that relates to “street smarts”

A

practical or contextual

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21
Q

What is the first test to attempt to measure intelligence

A

Binot Simon

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22
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

The occurrence of an extinct behavior due to the passage of time

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23
Q

What is Hypnosis

A

An altered state of consciousness in which people are suggestible and act as though in a trance

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24
Q

What is Lantent-Learning

A

Learning that is not immediately apparent

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25
What is observational learning?
gaining knowledge by watching other rather than through a direct experience
26
What are holophrases
The use of single words, by infants, to convey complex meanings
27
WHo was Noah Chomsky
He theorized that all children were born with a language acquisition device
28
What is circadian rhythm
Alternation wakefulness and sleep that is connected to the 24 hour period of the earth's rotation
29
WHat did Freud believe about dreams
He believe dreams reflected unconscious wishes and desires
30
What is Sternberg's triarchic theory
Pavlov found that for associations to be made up, the stimuli had to be researched close together in time (such as a bell)
31
What was J.B. Watsons Study
He classically conditioned little albert to fear rats
32
What was skinner known for
trained pigeons to perform various tasks using operant conditioning, or learning through rewards and punishment
33
How does a phobia relate to classical conditioning
(Irrational fears) the process of classical conditioning can explain how we acquire phobias. ex: we learn to associate something we don't fear (neutral stimulus), with something...
34
How does preparedness associate with classical conditioning
we are biologically primed to be especially susceptible to certain kinds of fear (spiders, heights, snakes)
35
What is vicarious learning?
learning through observation and imitation of others through others' experiences, rather than through direct experience
36
What is a primary reinforcer
a reinforcer that is rewarding in itself; food, water, or sex
37
What is a secondary reinforcer
a reinforcer that acquires its reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcer; money, praise, good grades, or awards
38
What is a punishment in operant conditioning
a change in environment that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
39
what are responses to make a punishment efficient
swift, sufficient, certain
40
What is modeling
a process where people learn behaviors, skills, and ways of thinking and feeling by observing others
41
What is extinction in psychology?
presentation of conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus leading to a lessening of responding & then no response
42
Reinforcement Schedules
Rules that control the timing and frequency of reinforcement delivery in operant conditioning
43
What is shaping in operant learning
A procedure in which its rewards gradually guides an behavior toward your desired behavior
44
What is sleep apnea
Most common sleep disorder, making it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep
45
What is narcolepsy
extreme sleepiness during the day that can include involuntary napping
46
Stage 1 of sleep creates what type of brain waves
Theta waves
47
Stage 2 of sleep creates what type of brain waves
sleep spindles
48
Stage 3 & 4 create what type of brain waves
Delta waves
49
What stage does sleepwalking/talking occur?
Stage 4 7-15% of children sleep walk
50
What is the most common drug on a college campus?
Alchohol
51
What is the cocktail party effect
psychoacoustic phenomenon describing the ability to focus on a single conversation or a speaker in a noisy environment
52
WHat is the cereal position effect
psychological tendency to remember the first and last items on a list better than those in the middle
53
What is implicit memory
or also known as non declarative memory without conscious recall
54
What is explicit memory
or also known as declarative memory with conscious recall
55
explicit memory
sematic: facts and general knowledge episodic: personal experiences or events "i remember"
56
What is procedural memory
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to perform motor skills or cognitive tests Long term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills
57
implicit memory
procedural : motor skills and habits priming: earlier exposure helps retrieval 2x2=4
58
what is chunking
a memory technique that involves breaking large pieces of information into smaller units, or chunks, to makes them easier to retain in short-term memory
59
short-term memory
temporary information storage (30-2min) transfers information that has been retrieved from long-term memory or lets it decay
60
long-term memory
infinite capacity organize information in semantic categories; also by the way words sound and look
61
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
test based on mental age
62
The Wechsler Scale
permanent computation of verbal & performance IQ's
63
How do you calculate someones IQ
IQ= (MA/CA) x 100
64
practical intelligence
the ability to adapt to, shape, or select an environment to achieve goals
65
What is overregulation
a language developed phenomenon that occurs when children apply grammatical rules to irregular words (using the word comed instead of came)

Psychology (1 decks)

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