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Biology > unit 2 Multicellular organisms > Flashcards

unit 2 Multicellular organisms Flashcards

1
Q

what are the stages of mitosis

A
  1. chromosones double to form two idnetical chromatids
  2. they line up at the equator of the cell
  3. spindle fibres attatch to the chromatids
  4. The chromatids get pulled appart by the spindle fibres to different poles of the cell
  5. a new nucleus is then formed at each pole of the cell.
  6. two genetically identical cells are made with the correct chromatid number.
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2
Q

What is a feature of stem cells

A

They are unspecialised & divide by mitosis

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3
Q

Name the neurons

A

Sensory, inter and motor

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4
Q

What is the gap inbetween called

A

Synapse

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5
Q

How do the nuerons pass the message over the gap

A

Using diffusion of chemicals

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6
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Controls balance

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7
Q

What does the cerebrum do

A

Controls thought, emotions and memory

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8
Q

What does the medulla do

A

Controls breathing

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9
Q

what does a reflex action provide

A

Rapid automatic protection

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10
Q

Explain the process of fertalisation

A

The nucleas of the male gamete fuses with the nucleus of the female gamete

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11
Q

What are alleles

A

Different types of genes

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12
Q

What is the reason for an unpredicted ratio

A

The diffusion of gametes is a random process

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13
Q

what is it called when water diffuses through the stomata

A

Transpiration

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14
Q

What are two types of white blood cell

A

lymphocytes & phagocytes

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15
Q

What is the function of phagocytes

A

Engulf & digest

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16
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes

A

Produce antibodies which destroy pathogens

17
Q

How are hormones released

A

endocrine glands

18
Q

What is the sight on gamete production in plants

A

Anther for male gametes and ovule for female gametes

19
Q

What is the result of fertalisation

A

A doploid zygote

20
Q

Give an example of descreate variation

A

Eye colour & blood type

21
Q

Give an example of continuous variation

A

Height & Weight

22
Q

Explain the process in which a plant absorbes water from the ground and evaporates it

A

The root hair cells absorb the water in the ground
The water then goes from the root hair cells to the xylem vessels by osmosis
The water then moves into the mesophyll layer where it can be used for photosynthesis
Some of the water then evaporates into the air spaces in the leave and then diffuses out into the air through the stomata

23
Q

Give the features of a xylem vessel

A

dead

rings of lignin for strength

24
Q

Give the features of phloem vessels

A

Living
Has a companion cell and a sieve tube
Contains sieve plates
Carry sugar

25
Q

What affects the rate of transpiration

A

Humididty
Temperature
Wind speed
surface area

26
Q

What do red blood cells transport around the body

A

Oxygen

27
Q

What makes them good for transporting oxygen

A

Biconcave shape for larger surface area for oxygen to diffuse
Contain lots of heimoglobin
Dont have a nucleus so more room for heimoglobin

28
Q

Heimoglobin

A

where the oxygen concentration is high, heimoglobin joins with oxygen to form oxyheimoglobin and where the oxygen conenctration is low, heimoglobin relases oxygen.

29
Q

The pathway of blood in the heart

A

Deoxygenated bloof comes in through the vena cava, to the right atrium, through a valve to the right ventricle, out the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
Oxygenated blood then comes in throught the pulmonary vein, to the left atrium, through a valve and into the left ventricle, and then out through the aorta to the body.

30
Q

What provides the heart with oxygen

A

Coronary arteries

31
Q

The features of arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

Thin with thick walls becuase they have to carry blood under high pressure

32
Q

Features of veins

A

Carry blood towards the heart
wide central chanel and thin walls in order to carry more of it
Contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood

33
Q

Features of capilaries

A

Tiny, thin walles vessels

Large surface area to allow the exchange of materials

34
Q

Features of alveoli

A

Large surface area allowing more diffusion
One cell thick allowing quick diffusion
Surrounded by capillares to provide effective diffusion
Outiside is moist as they must dissolve in order to diffuse
Oxygen going in, Carbon dioxide coming out

35
Q

Features of villi

A 
Found in the small intenstine 
Increase surface area
Have capillaries in them
Fatty acids go into the lacteal 
Glucose & Amino acids into the capillaries
36
Q

What is pollygenic inheritance

A

When several genes contribute towards the variation giving a range of values

Biology (3 decks)

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