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BIOLOGY 30 FINALS > UNIT 2 MULTIPLE CHOICE > Flashcards

UNIT 2 MULTIPLE CHOICE Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

who is the German scientist who concluded that all PLANTS are composed of cells.

A

Mattias Schleiden

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2
Q

who is the German scientist who declared that all ANIMAL TISSUES were made up of cells?

A

Theodore Schwann

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3
Q

who is the Prussian physician that proposed that every cell came from a cell that already existed?

A

Rudolf Vichow

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4
Q

what is cell theory?

A

-all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
-all cells comes from preexisting cells

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5
Q

what is a compound light microscope?

A

-utilizes series of glass lenses and visible to light to magnify image
-magnifies up to 1,000 time of actual size

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6
Q

what is an electron microscope?

A

-utilizes magnetss to aim a beam of electrons at cell to produce image
-magnifies up to 500,000 times the actual size

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7
Q

what are the three type of electron microscopes?

A

-Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
-Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
-Scanning Tunneling electron Microscope (STM)

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8
Q

what is transmission electron microscope?

A

-uses magnets to aim beam of electrons to create an image
-500,00x
-used in non-living specimen

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9
Q

what is scanning electrom microscope?

A

-produces 3d image of the cell
-used in non-living specimen

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10
Q

what is scanning tunneling electron microscope?

A

can magnify LIVING cells

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11
Q

describe prokaryotic cell.

A

-simple structure
-contains plasma membrane
-no nucleus
-does not contain membrane-bound organelles

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12
Q

describe eukaryotic cell.

A

-more complex structure
-contains plasma membrane
-have nucleus
-contains membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts)

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13
Q

describe plasma membrane (cell membrane).

A

-thin, flexible boundary between the cell and its environment

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14
Q

what does the plasma membrane allows?

A

-allows nutrients into the cell
-allows waste to leave the cell

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15
Q

what is selective permeability (semi-permeable)?

A

plasma membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of cell

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16
Q

what does the semi-permeable controls?

A

controls the amount of..
-substance entering the cell
-substance leaving the cell

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17
Q

what is plasma membrane composed of?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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18
Q

what does a phospholipid molecule composed of?

A

-glycerol backbone
-phosphate group
-two fatty acid chains

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19
Q

what is fluid mosaic model?

A

phospholipid bilayer allows other molecule to float

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20
Q

what are the other components of fluid mosaic model?

A

-proteins
-carbs
-cholesterol

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21
Q

what is the main role of protein in the plasma membrane?

A

-provide pathways for substances to enter and leave
-transmit signals inside the cell
-act as support structure

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22
Q

what is the main role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

A

prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together

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23
Q

what is the main role of carbs to the plasma membrane?

A

identify chemical signals

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24
Q

describe cilia. what is its function?

A

-short, numerous projections that look like hairs
-mobility

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25
describe flagella. what is the function of flagella?
-longer and less numerous than cilia -create movement with a whiplikw motion
26
what is the main function of nucleus?
control centre of the cell
27
what is the main function of mitochondria?
energy release
28
what is the main function of golgi apparatus?
packaging and secretion
29
what is the main function of lysosome?
digestion
30
where does centrioles arise from?
region of cytoplasm called centrosome
31
what cell structure occur in pairs and important for cell division?
centrioles
32
what cell structure occur in pairs and important for cell division?
centrioles
33
what happens to pair of centrioles during cell division?
migrate to opposite poles of the cell and produce microtubules of the spindles
34
what is the main function endoplasmic reticulum?
detoxification and transport
35
what is the main function of ribosomes?
protein construction
36
what is cytoplasm?
matrix that contains all of the different organelles.
37
cytoplasm can be seen moving called?
cytoplasmic streaming
38
what does phospholipid bilayer form?
majority of the membrane
39
when and who are the people who proposed fluid mosaic model?
1972 by J Singer and G Nicholson
40
what cell structure can ONLY be found in PLANTS?
chloroplasts
41
chloroplasts are bound by?
double membrane called chloroplast envelope
42
this is inside the chloroplast, described as colorless matrix?
stroma
43
this structure/organelle is floating in the stroma. they stack together which form?
thylakoids,granum
44
grana can be interconnected by tubular extensions called?
intergranal lamellae
45
define starch grains
act as temporary stores for carbs fromed durinh photosynthesis
46
what is vacuole? it is surrounded by?
large fluid filled sac, membrane called tonoplast
47
what is vacuole? it is surrounded by?
large fluid filled sac, membrane called tonoplast
48
what is the main function of vacuole?
storage site and provides support for plant cells
49
what is plasmodesmata?
gaps in the cell wall that allow neighbouring cells to link together
50
what is cell wall made of? this is located in?
-cellulose microfibrils -polyssacharide matrix
51
what does cell wall provide?
strength and support and provides pathway for water
52
in cell diversity, what are the structures that plant cells have but animal cells are lack of?
plastids and large central vacuole
53
define microtubules.
hollow tubes of protein called tubulin which serves as tracks for organelle movement
54
define microfilaments.
made of two strands of protein molecules twisted together
55
what cell shape is described as a long and threadlike?
neurons (cells in the NS)
56
what is the function of neurons?
carry infor from areas of your body to your brain
57
what shape of a cell is described as round disks?
blood cells
58
what can blood cells do?
squeeze through tiny blood vessels
59
how big is a cell?
they vary in size and shape, but most celly are only aboout 25 micrometer.
60
what does the number of cells determine?
organism's total size
61
in semi-permeable membrane, what substances can pass through?
small, uncharged molecules
62
in semi-permeable membrane, what substances cannot pass through?
large molecules and some particles with strong electrical charge
63
molecules can enter and exit a cell through?
-paasive transport -bulk transport -active transport
64
what is passive transport?
movement of particles across the cell membrane WITHOUT using energy (movement is down the concentration gradient).
65
what is passive transport?
movement of particles across the cell membrane WITHOUT using energy (movement is down the concentration gradient).
66
what are the three modes of passive transport?
-diffusion -facilitated diffusion -osmosis
67
what arrangement of concentration is in the passive transport?
high to low concentration
68
what is diffusion?
movement of particles from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
69
diffusion is controlled by?
-temperature -pressure -concentration
70
what happens to the dynamic equilibrium of diffusion?
molecules ccontinue to move but the overall concentration remains the same
71
what is facilitated diffusion?
-movement of materials across plasma membtranes using proteins -still does not require energy -movement is from high to low concentration
72
what is the difference between channel protein and carrier protein?
-CHANNEL PROTEIN interact with solute to be transported -CARRIER PROTEIN is like a lock and key that only bind specific molecule
73
what factors can influence the rate of diffusion?
-temperature -state of the solvent -size of the molecules -steepness of diffusion gradient -permeability -membrane structure
74
how does temperature affect rate of diffusion?
increases speed of diffusion
75
how does state of solvent affect rate of diffusion?
diffusion occurs faster in gases than in liquids and much faster in liquids than in solids
76
how does state of solvent affect rate of diffusion?
diffusion occurs faster in gases than in liquids and much faster in liquids than in solids
77
how does size of molecules affect rate of diffusion?
larger molecule, the slower it diffuse
78
how does steepness of diffusion gradient affect rate of diffusion?
greater concentration gradient, the faster it diffuse
79
what is osmosis?
diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane moves from high to low concentration water moves from areas of low solute (high H2O) concentration to high solute (H2O) concentration
80
what is osmosis?
diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane moves from high to low concentration water moves from areas of low solute (high H2O) concentration to high solute (H2O) concentration
81
what are the three types of solutions?
-isotonic -hypotonic -hypertonic
82
what is active transport?
movement of particles across the cell membrane USING ENERGY.
83
what is the concentration gradient in active transport?
low to high concentration
84
what type of active transport pump moves three na+ ions OUT of the cell and two k+ INTO the cell?
NA+/K+ ATPase pump (sodium-potassium pumps)
85
what is the result of NA+/K+ ATPase pump?
electrical gradient
86
what is the role of carrier proteins in active transport?
pumps the use energy (ATP) to move ions and molecules
87
what is bulk transport?
large molecules, food, and other substances are packaged in a membrane-bound sacs and moved across membrane
88
what ios endocytosis?
endo (indoor)-folds into pouch that encloses particles
89
what is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
-PHAGO-cell engulfs FOOD particles -PINO-cell engulfs drop of a LIQUID
90
what is exocytosis?
secretion of materials OUT of the plasma membrane
91
what is the function of ocular eyepiece?
the lens you look through when viewing an object
92
what is the function of ocular tube?
hollow tube that supports the ocular and allow light to pass from objectives to lens
93
what is the function of the arm (c-shaped support)?
used for carrying the instrument
94
what is the function of the revolving nosepiece?
contains 2-4 lenses of different magnifications and is able to rotate
95
what is the function of the objective lenses?
complex lenses positioned above the slide to view object. -shortest is the low-power -longest if the high-power
96
what is the function of the coarse focusing knob?
used to roughly focus the lens on an object (ONLY FOR LOW-POWER)
97
what is the function of the fine focusing knob?
moves stage or ocular tube a small distance (used for HIGH-POWER)
98
what is the function of the stage (with clips)?
supports the slide, opening permits light to illuminate the object on the slide
99
what is the function of the iris (or disk) diaphragm and condenser ?
regulates the amount of light reaching the slide
100
what is the function of the light source (lamp/mirror)?
reflects light through the hole in the stage and must be adjusted for max light
101
what is the function of the inclination joint?
moveable joint found on upright microscopes
102
what is the function of the inclination joint?
moveable joint found on upright microscopes
103
what is the function of the base?
supports the weight of microscope
104
what is energy?
ability to do work
105
what is thermodynamics?
study of flow and transformation of energy in the universe

BIOLOGY 30 FINALS (5 decks)

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