Unit 2 - Muscle and Fascia

Question 1

Approximately how many musles are there in the human body?

Answer 1

About 650, depeding on the source

Question 2

How many primary types of muscles are there in the human body, and name them.

Answer 2

3.
Cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles

Question 3

Define:

Cardiac muscle

Answer 3

A type of muscle tissue found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.

Question 4

Define:

Smooth muscle

Answer 4

A type of muscle tissue that moves internal organs, such as the bowels, and vessels, such as the artery walls.

Question 5

Define:

Skeletal muscle

Answer 5

The contractile tissue that produces force in the human body.

Question 6

Define:

The origin of a muscle

Answer 6

The attachment of a muscle closest to the head when viewed from the anatomical position.

Question 7

Define:

The insertion of a muscle

Answer 7

The attachment of a muscle furthest from the head when viewed from the anatomical position.

Question 8

What kind of tissue connects a muscle to a bone?

Answer 8

A tendon

Question 9

A tendon mainly consists of which kind of cells?

Answer 9

Type I collagen

Question 10

Why is exercise recommended when a tendon is injured?

Answer 10

Tendons are similar to ligaments and joint capsules because they all have a limited blood supply and low metabolism. Nevertheless, the metabolism within a tendon can increase when it’s physically loaded during movement and resistance training. That is one of the reasons why doctors now recommend exercise sooner rather than later after an injury.

Question 11

Define:

Sarcomere

Answer 11

The functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber. Myosin: The thick myofilament contained within a sarcomere. Actin: The thin myofilament contained within a sarcomere.

Question 12

Define:

Tendon

Answer 12

A strong connective tissue made primarily of collagen that connects muscle to bone.

Question 13

Define:

Fascicle

Answer 13

A bundle of muscle fibers contained within a skeletal muscle.

Question 14

Define:

Myofibril

Answer 14

A rod-like unit of a muscle cell made up of sarcomeres.

Question 15

Define:

Concentric action

Answer 15

An action that occurs when an activated muscle shortens.

Question 16

Define:

Eccentric action

Answer 16

An action that occurs when an activated muscle lengthens.

Question 17

Define:

Isometric action

Answer 17

An action that occurs when an activated muscle remains in a static position.

Question 18

Define:

Plantar fasciitis

Answer 18

A common cause of heel pain due to an irritation of the connective tissue on the bottom of the foot.

Question 19

Define:

Agonist

Answer 19

The muscle or muscle group most directly involved in producing a movement.

Question 20

Define:

Antagonist

Answer 20

One or more muscles that have the opposite action of a specific agonist.

Question 21

Define:

Synergists

Answer 21

Muscles that work together during movement.

Question 22

Define:

Force-couple

Answer 22

When two or more muscles concurrently produce force in different linear directions to produce one movement.

Question 23

What causes muscle soreness?

Answer 23

The discomfort you feel 24-72 hours after exercise is delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), a general term to describe muscular pain, stiffness and tenderness that follows challenging exercise. This discomfort is caused by microtears within the muscle. Microtears are a normal part of the training process, and the body will repair that damage and make the muscle stronger a few days later.

Question 24

Define:

Plantar aponeurosis

Answer 24

A strong layer of connective tissue on the bottom of the foot.

Question 25

How many categries of fascial lines are there in the human body? And name them.

Answer 25

7. Superficial Back Line Superficial Front Line Lateral Line Spiral Line Arm Lines Functional Lines Deep Front Line

Question 26

In the context of fascia, describe the Superficial Back Line.

Answer 26

This fascial line runs from the bottom of the toes, up the back of the legs, along the spine, over the top of the skull and attaches at the forehead.

Question 27

In the context of fascia, describe the Superficial Front Line

Answer 27

There are two parts of the Superficial Front Line. The first part runs from the top of the toes, up the front of the legs, and attaches at the front lateral aspect of the pelvis. The second part runs from the anterior medial aspect of the lower pelvis up the medial aspect of the trunk and splits at the top of the sternum to wrap up and around the lateral aspects of the neck where both sections merge to form a continuous loop around the back of the skull.

Question 28

In the context of fascia, describe the Laterial Line.

Answer 28

This fascial line runs from the mid lateral aspect of the foot, up the lateral aspect of the leg and pelvis, crisscrosses underneath the ribcage and up the lateral neck where it attaches behind the ear.

Question 29

In the context of fascia, describe the Spiral Line.

Answer 29

The spiral line loops around the bottom of each foot like a long scarf and runs up the lateral aspect of the leg, then it takes two different routes at the hip. One track runs across the front of the pelvis, up and across the abdomen, wraps around the upper ribcage on the opposite side and continues up to the back of the skull. The other track crosses the back of the pelvis and runs up the spine until it attaches to the back of the skull.

Question 30

In the context of fascia, describe the Arm Lines.

Answer 30

This category of fascia consists of four lines. The deep front arm line runs from the tip of the thumb, up the lateral arm, across the shoulder and attaches around the nipple. The superficial arm line runs from the tips of the fingers on the palm side, travels up to the medial elbow, up the medial upper arm, across the medial shoulder and attaches at the medial clavicle, sternum and directly below the chest. The deep back arm line runs from the outside of the little finger, up the forearm to the elbow, up the posterior upper arm, across the posterior shoulder and attaches on the spine at the lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebral area. The superficial back arm line runs from the tips of the fingers on the back of the hand, up to the elbow and posterior upper arm, across the top of the shoulder, and attaches to the base of the skull, lower cervical and mid thoracic areas.

Question 31

In the context of fascia, describe the Functional Lines.

Answer 31

Three fascial lines make up the Functional Lines. The back functional line runs from the lateral aspect of the knee, up the posterior thigh, across the posterior pelvis, over the lower half of the ribcage and scapula and attaches to the upper humerus. There is a front functional line that runs posterior, middle femur to the middle pelvis, up the medial abdomen, and out across the chest to the upper humerus. The ipsilateral functional line runs from the medial knee, up the inner thigh at a lateral angle that crosses the lateral pelvis, over the lateral-posterior ribcage and attaches to the upper humerus.

Question 32

In the context of fascia, describe the Deep Front Line.

Answer 32

This fascial line runs from the bottom of the toes, up the lower leg between the tibia and fibula, behind the knee, up the medial thigh, over the front of the pelvis, up through the ribcage, and continues up the anterior and lateral neck where it attaches to the lateral aspect of the jaw and skull.