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N5 Chemistry > Unit 2: Nature's Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 2: Nature's Chemistry Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Fuel

A

A substance that can be burned to release energy

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2
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon

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3
Q

Hydrocarbons of different chain lengths have

A

Different properties

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4
Q

Larger carbon chain=

A

Higher boiling point, higher viscosity, lower flammability

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5
Q

Hydrocarbons can be separated by their boiling point via

A

Fractional distillation

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6
Q

Complete combustion

A

Combustion with a plentiful supply of oxygen (produces carbon dioxide and water)

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7
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Combustion with a limited supply of oxygen (produces carbon monoxide and water)

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8
Q

Homologous series

A

A group of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties

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9
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

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10
Q

General formula for alkenes

A

Cn H2n

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11
Q

General formula for cycloalkanes

A

Cn H2n

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12
Q

Saturated compounds

A

Only contain C-C bonds

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13
Q

Unsaturated compounds

A

Contain one or more C=C bonds

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14
Q

Test for unsaturation

A

Unsaturated compounds rapidly decolourise bromine water

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15
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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16
Q

Types of branches

A

Methyl (CH3), Ethyl (CH2CH3), Propyl (CH2CH2CH3)

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17
Q

Functional group

A

A group of atoms with characteristic chemical activity

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18
Q

What functional group do alkenes contain?

A

C=C double bond

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19
Q

Addition reaction

A

A reaction in which 2 or more molecules join to produce a single larger molecule and nothing else

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20
Q

What addition reactions do alkenes undergo?

A

Hydrogenation, hydration, halogenation (and addition polymerisation)

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21
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Alkene + Hydrogen, product is an alkane

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22
Q

Hydration

A

Alkene + Water, product is an alcohol

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23
Q

Halogenation

A

Alkene + Halogen, product is a haloalkane

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24
Q

Catalyst used for hydrogenation

Study These Flashcards
A

Platinum/nickel

25
Catalyst used for hydration
Phosphoric acid
26
What functional group do alcohols contain?
Hydroxyl (OH)
27
What do all alcohol names end in?
'ol'
28
What homologous series do many alcohols belong to?
Alkanols (CnH2n+1OH)
29
Reactivity of alcohols
Alcohols undergo combustion, dehydration, and oxidation (if the OH group is attached to the end)
30
Why do alcohols make good fuels?
Because they release a lot of energy when taking part in combustion
31
Products of the combustion of alcohols
Carbon dioxide and water (alcohols do not produce carbon monoxide)
32
Small alcohols tend to burn with a
Clean flame
33
Products of dehydration of alcohols
Alkene + water
34
Oxidation of alcohols
Alcohols with the OH group attached to the end can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids
35
What does oxidation of alcohols require?
An oxidising agent
36
What functional group do carboxylic acids contain?
Carboxyl (COOH)
37
Carboxylic acids names end in
"oic acid"
38
Properties of carboxylic acids
Soluble in water (smaller acids), pH<7 (weak acids)
39
General formula of carboxylic acids
CnH2n+1COOH
40
Carboxylic acids with common names
Methanoic acid: formic acid Ethanoic acid: acetic acid Butanoic acid: butyric acid
41
Uses of carboxylic acids
Vinegar is a solution of ethanoic acid It is commonly used in household cleaners (it removes limescale), and to preserve food (it kills bacteria)
42
Esters
Carboxylic acids can react with alcohols to form compounds called esters
43
What do ester molecules contain?
An ester link (-COO-)
44
Ester names
Ester names have 2 parts, with endings -yl and -oate (e.g. ethyl ethanoate)
45
Esters are isomers of
Carboxylic acids
46
Uses of esters
Solvents, food flavourings, anaesthetics
47
Chemistry of carboxylic acids
Like other acids, they can react with metals, metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates, forming '-oate' salts.
48
Intermolecular forces
Organic compound molecules are held together by intermolecular forces. These are weak attractions between the molecules.
49
Larger molecules with more electrons have
Stronger intermolecular forces
50
Stronger intermolecular forces =
Higher melting/boiling point, higher viscosity, lower flammability
51
Why do branched hydrocarbons have weaker intermolecular forces?
Because they cannot pack as closely together as straight chain hydrocarbons
52
Hierarchy of hydrocarbons' boiling points
Branched HC < Straight chain HCs < Alcohols < Carboxylic acids Small molecules < Large molecules
53
Are alcohols and carboxylic acids soluble in water?
Yes
54
Why are smaller molecules more soluble in water? (Alcohols and carboxylic acids)
Smaller molecules have similar strength intermolecular forces to water molecules, allowing them to mix easily
55
Energy from fuels
Eh = c x m x change in T
56
Meaning of Eh, c, m, and deltaT
Eh= energy (kJ) c= specific heat capacity of water (4.18) deltaT= temperature change (degrees celsius)
57
Preventing heat loss to surroundings
Use a heat shield, use a can that is a good conductor
58
What makes a bomb calorimeter a more accurate way to measure energy produced from fuels?
It is completely enclosed, preventing heat loss to surroundings It uses a platinum dish, which is very unreactive and won't disrupt the reaction There is pure oxygen gas in the container

N5 Chemistry (3 decks)

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