Unit 2 - Nature's Chemistry

Question 1

An organic compound with a carbonyl functional group (C=O) at the end of the molecule.

Answer 1

Aldehyde

Question 2

A homologous series of aldehydes based on the corresponding alkanes by changing one of the carbon atoms at the end into a carbonyl group.

Answer 2

Alkanal

Question 3

A homologous series of ketones based on the corresponding alkanes by changing one of the middle chain carbon atoms into a carbonyl group.

Answer 3

Alkanones

Question 4

A homologous series of carboxylic acids based on the corresponding alkanes by changing the carbon atom at the end to a carboxyl group.

Answer 4

Alkanoics

Question 5

Functional group found in ketones (alkanones) and aldehydes (alkanal). - C=O

Answer 5

Carbonyl

Question 6

Functional group found in carboxylic acids (alkanoic acids). -COOH

Answer 6

Carboxyl

Question 7

Organic compound formed by the oxidation of aldehydes, contain -COOH

Answer 7

Carboxylic acid

Question 8

Reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule at the same time eliminating a small molecule such as water.

Answer 8

Condensation

Question 9

Physical alteration of the molecular shape of a protein (or other molecule) as a result of temperature or pH changes.

Answer 9

Denaturing

Question 10

A measure of the ability of an atom to attract a bonded pair of electrons - the more electronegative, the stronger the attraction.

Answer 10

Electronegativity

Question 11

Protein molecules which act as catalysts in biological processes.

Answer 11

Enzymes

Question 12

Type of amino acid which must be sourced in your diet.

Answer 12

Essential amino acid

Question 13

Atoms or molecule containing unpaired electrons. Often formed by the effect of ultraviolet radiation on stable molecules.

Answer 13

Free radicals

Question 14

Molecules which can react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent chain reactions.

Answer 14

Free radical scavengers

Question 15

The addition of hydrogen to a carbon to carbon multiple bond, including converting oils to fats.

Answer 15

Hydrogenation

Question 16

The breakdown of a molecule by reaction with water. Opposite of a condensation reaction.

Answer 16

Hydrolysis

Question 17

2-methylbuta-1,3-diene, the starting compound for producing many essential oils (terpenes).

Answer 17

Isoprene

Question 18

An organic compound with with a carbonyl functional group (C=O) within the carbon chain (i.e. not on one of the end carbons).

Answer 18

Ketone

Question 19

When applied to carbon compounds, oxidation reactions result in an increase in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio. Also loss of electrons

Answer 19

Oxidation

Question 20

Link formed during condensation polymerisation of amino acids. Can be identified as -CO-NH- and occurs where each pair of amino acids has joined together.

Answer 20

Peptide bond

Question 21

Biological polymers of small molecules called amino acids.

Answer 21

Protein

Question 22

A reaction in which one reactant gains electrons and another reactant loses electrons.

Answer 22

Redox

Question 23

Reactions result in a decrease in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio, when applied to carbon compounds. Also gain of electrons.

Answer 23

Reduction

Question 24

The process by which soaps are made from fats and oils in a hydrolysis reaction.

Answer 24

Saponification

Question 25

The primary constituents of essential oils. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, formed by joining together units of 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene (isoprene).

Answer 25

Terpenes

Question 26

Compounds formed by the oxidation of terpenes, found in essential oils.

Answer 26

Terpenoids

Question 27

Molecules formed through the condensation of one glycerol molecule with three fatty acid molecules.

Answer 27

Oil

Question 28

Molecule with at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

Answer 28

Alkene

Question 29

A volatile substance evaporates very easily to form a gas.

Answer 29

Alcohol or oil

Question 30

A measure of how easily a molecule will evaporate.

Answer 30

Volatility

Question 31

Method of calculating efficiency of a reaction be considering the mass of desired product in relation to the total mass of reactants.

Answer 31

Atom economy

Question 32

The energy needed to break or make one mole of a bond in a gaseous molecule.

Answer 32

Activation energy

Question 33

Release heat energy which is given up to the surroundings.

Answer 33

Exothermic

Question 34

A reactant from which other chemicals can be extracted or synthesised. Feedstocks are themselves derived from raw materials either by physical separation or by chemical reaction.

Answer 34

Feedstocks

Question 35

Absorb heat energy from the surroundings.

Answer 35

Endothermic

Question 36

The point at which the reaction is just complete.

Answer 36

Saturation point

Question 37

For a reaction is defined as the change in heat energy when 1 mole of reactant is converted to product(s) at constant pressure, and has the symbol ΔH and units of KJ mol-1.

Answer 37

Enthalpy

Question 38

A half-equation, either an oxidation or a reduction which in combination of the opposite type, can be part of a complete redox equation.

Answer 38

Ion-electron equation

Question 39

The volume occupied by one mole of a gas. For gases the units are 1 mol-1 (litres per mole).

Answer 39

Molar volume

Question 40

Loss of electrons by a reactant in any reaction.

Answer 40

Oxidation

Question 41

A substance which accepts electrons.

Answer 41

Oxidising agent

Question 42

Shows the enthalpy of reactants and products and the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction.

Answer 42

Potential energy diagram

Question 43

A substance which donates electrons.

Answer 43

Reducing agent

Question 44

Gain of electrons by a reactant in any reaction.

Answer 44

Reduction

Question 45

A solution of accurately known concentration.

Answer 45

Standard solution

Question 46

The maximum possible amount of product in a reaction (i.e. all of the reactant(s) have been converted into product)

Answer 46

Theoretical yield

Question 47

Determines the volume of reactant solution required to react completely with the test solution.

Answer 47

Titre

Question 48

Involves analysis using a solution of accurately known concentration in a quantitative reaction to determine the concentration of another substance.

Answer 48

Titration