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Ap Psych > Unit 2: Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2: Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A nerve cell is the basic building block of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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2
Q

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; cells life support center

A

Cell Body (Soma)

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3
Q

A Neurons often bushy, branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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4
Q

The neuron extension passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles and/or glands

A

Axon

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5
Q

A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of the same neurons

A

Myelin sheath

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6
Q

Cells in the nervous system support, nourish, and protect neurons; they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory

A

Glial cells

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7
Q

A neural impulse; is a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

A

Action Potential

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8
Q

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

A

threshold

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9
Q

In neural processing a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; action potentials cant occur until its back to its resting state

A

refractory period

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10
Q

A neurons reaction of either firing or not firing

A

all or nothing response

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11
Q

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap.

A

Synapse

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12
Q

Chemical messengers cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

A

Neurotransmitters

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13
Q

A neurotransmitter reabsorption by a sending neuron

A

reuptake

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14
Q

“the morphine within”-natural opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain, control, and pleasure

A

endorphins

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15
Q

a molecule that increases the activity of a neurotransmitter like opiates

A

agonist

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16
Q

A molecule that inhibits or blocks the actions of a neurotransmitter like botox

A

antagonist

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17
Q

The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system

A

nervous system

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18
Q

The brain and spinal cord; oversee the sensory and movement of reflexes

A

central nervous system(CNS)

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19
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic movement,sensory and motor output

A

peripheral nervous system(PNS)

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20
Q

Bundled axons of many neurons form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

A

nerves

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21
Q

Contain afferent nerve fibers; carry information from the sense organs to the CNS

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

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22
Q

contain efferent neurons; carry messages from the CNS to the muscles and glands

A

motor (efferent) neurons

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23
Q

neurons within the brain and spinal cords that communicate internally and process info between sensory inputs and motor outputs

A

interneurons

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24
Q

controls skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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25
Q

controls glands and muscles of internal organs

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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26
Q

flight, fright, or freeze

A

sympathetic nervous system

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27
Q

sense receptors in the skin send signals to interneurons (calming)

A

parasympathetic nervous systems

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28
Q

Sense receptors in the skin send signals, interneurons receive signal such as moving away from a fire after feeling heat

A

reflex

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29
Q

The body’s slow chemical communication system; is a set of glands that secrete hormones, into the bloodstream

A

endocrine

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30
Q

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissue

A

hormones

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31
Q

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidney and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress

A

Adrenal glands

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32
Q

The endocrine system’s most influential gland under the influence of the hypothalamus regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland

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33
Q

Tissue destruction that is caused naturally or experimentally

A

Lesion

34
Q

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. Measured by the electrodes placed on the scalp

A

EEG

35
Q

A brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical activity

A

MEG

36
Q

A series of X-Ray photos taken from different angles and combined into a representation of a slice of the brain structure

A

CT

37
Q

A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes when the brain does a task

A

PET scan

38
Q

A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue

A

MRI

39
Q

Looks at the function of the brain rather than the organs, tissue, and bones

A

fMRI

40
Q

The oldest and most important part of your brain; functions include automatic survival functions

A

Brain stem

41
Q

At the base of the brain stem and controls heartbeat and breathing

A

medulla

42
Q

At the top of the brainstem and controls outgoing and incoming sensory info besides the smell (In the limbic system)

A

thalamus

43
Q

Nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus and controls arousal and sensory stimulation

A

reticular formation

44
Q

At the rear of the brainstem and controls processing sensory input as well as coordinating input and balance

A

cerebellum

45
Q

The part of the brain involved in behavioral and emotional responses

A

Limbic system

46
Q

Two lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to fear and aggression (part of the Limbic system)

A

amygdala

47
Q

directs eating, drinking, and body temp, and helps govern the endocrine system with emotional reward ( part of the Limbic system)

A

hypothalamus

48
Q

a small structure with two arms that wrap around the thalamus and helps process for storage of explicit memories, facts, or events ( part of the Limbic system)

A

hippocampus

49
Q

The outer layer that lies on top of your cerebrum and connects your two brain hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex

50
Q

Functions include speaking, motor movements, judgment, and decision making

A

frontal lobes

51
Q

Receives and processes sensory input for touch and body position

A

Parietal lobes

52
Q

Receives visual info from the opposite visual field

A

Occipital Lobes

53
Q

Receives auditory info primarily from the opposite ear

A

Temporal Lobes

54
Q

Controls voluntary movements

A

Motor Cortex

55
Q

registers info from skin senses and body movement

A

somatosensory cortex

56
Q

areas of the brain working or not working together in order to complete or not complete a task

A

association areas

57
Q

The brain’s ability to change when aging by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

A

plasticity

58
Q

The formation of new neurons

A

neurogenesis

59
Q

A wide band of axon fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain

A

corpus callosum

60
Q

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

A

consciousness

61
Q

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (this includes perception, thinking, memory, and language.)

A

cognitive neuroscience

62
Q

The principle that info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

A

dual processing

63
Q

A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

A

blindsight

64
Q

proccessing many aspects of a problem simultaneously. Used to process well-learned info and solve simple problems

A

parallel processing

65
Q

processing in one aspect of a problem at a time. Used to process new info or solve difficult problems.

A

Sequential processing

66
Q

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

A

behavior genetics

67
Q

The genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

A

heredity

68
Q

every nongenetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

A

enviorment

69
Q

a complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up chromosomes

A

DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid

70
Q

The biochemical units of heredity that makeup chromosomes. segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins.

A

genes

71
Q

The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

A

genome

72
Q

Identical(monozygotic) twins developed from a single fertilized egg that splits in two creating two genetically identical organisms

A

Identical(monozygotic) twins

73
Q

fraternal (dizygotic) twins developed from separate fertilized eggs, genetically no closer than regular siblings but sharing a prenatal environment

A

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

74
Q

The proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a gene depends on the range of populations and environments studied

A

Heritability

75
Q

The interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor(environment) depends on another(heredity)

A

interaction

76
Q

The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

A

molecular genetics

77
Q

The study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior

A

molecular behavior genetics

78
Q

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection

A

evolutionary psychology

79
Q

“in addition to” genetics; the influence on gene expression that occurs without a DNA change

A

epigenetics

80
Q

inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on

A

natural selection

81
Q

A random error in gene replication that leads to a change

A

mutation

82
Q

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

A

social script

Ap Psych (4 decks)

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