Unit 2: Part 1

Question 1

A nerve cell is the basic building block of the nervous system

Answer 1

Neuron

Question 2

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; cells life support center

Answer 2

Cell Body (Soma)

Question 3

A Neurons often bushy, branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body

Answer 3

Dendrites

Question 4

The neuron extension passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles and/or glands

Answer 4

Axon

Question 5

A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of the same neurons

Answer 5

Myelin sheath

Question 6

Cells in the nervous system support, nourish, and protect neurons; they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory

Answer 6

Glial cells

Question 7

A neural impulse; is a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

Answer 7

Action Potential

Question 8

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Answer 8

threshold

Question 9

In neural processing a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; action potentials cant occur until its back to its resting state

Answer 9

refractory period

Question 10

A neurons reaction of either firing or not firing

Answer 10

all or nothing response

Question 11

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap.

Answer 11

Synapse

Question 12

Chemical messengers cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

Answer 12

Neurotransmitters

Question 13

A neurotransmitter reabsorption by a sending neuron

Answer 13

reuptake

Question 14

“the morphine within”-natural opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain, control, and pleasure

Answer 14

endorphins

Question 15

a molecule that increases the activity of a neurotransmitter like opiates

Answer 15

agonist

Question 16

A molecule that inhibits or blocks the actions of a neurotransmitter like botox

Answer 16

antagonist

Question 17

The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system

Answer 17

nervous system

Question 18

The brain and spinal cord; oversee the sensory and movement of reflexes

Answer 18

central nervous system(CNS)

Question 19

Sympathetic and parasympathetic movement,sensory and motor output

Answer 19

peripheral nervous system(PNS)

Question 20

Bundled axons of many neurons form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

Answer 20

nerves

Question 21

Contain afferent nerve fibers; carry information from the sense organs to the CNS

Answer 21

sensory (afferent) neurons

Question 22

contain efferent neurons; carry messages from the CNS to the muscles and glands

Answer 22

motor (efferent) neurons

Question 23

neurons within the brain and spinal cords that communicate internally and process info between sensory inputs and motor outputs

Answer 23

interneurons

Question 24

controls skeletal muscles

Answer 24

somatic nervous system

Question 25

controls glands and muscles of internal organs

Answer 25

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 26

flight, fright, or freeze

Answer 26

sympathetic nervous system

Question 27

sense receptors in the skin send signals to interneurons (calming)

Answer 27

parasympathetic nervous systems

Question 28

Sense receptors in the skin send signals, interneurons receive signal such as moving away from a fire after feeling heat

Answer 28

reflex

Question 29

The body's slow chemical communication system; is a set of glands that secrete hormones, into the bloodstream

Answer 29

endocrine

Question 30

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissue

Answer 30

hormones

Question 31

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidney and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress

Answer 31

Adrenal glands

Question 32

The endocrine system's most influential gland under the influence of the hypothalamus regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

Answer 32

Pituitary gland

Question 33

Tissue destruction that is caused naturally or experimentally

Answer 33

Lesion

Question 34

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface. Measured by the electrodes placed on the scalp

Answer 34

EEG

Question 35

A brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical activity

Answer 35

MEG

Question 36

A series of X-Ray photos taken from different angles and combined into a representation of a slice of the brain structure

Answer 36

CT

Question 37

A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes when the brain does a task

Answer 37

PET scan

Question 38

A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue

Answer 38

MRI

Question 39

Looks at the function of the brain rather than the organs, tissue, and bones

Answer 39

fMRI

Question 40

The oldest and most important part of your brain; functions include automatic survival functions

Answer 40

Brain stem

Question 41

At the base of the brain stem and controls heartbeat and breathing

Answer 41

medulla

Question 42

At the top of the brainstem and controls outgoing and incoming sensory info besides the smell (In the limbic system)

Answer 42

thalamus

Question 43

Nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus and controls arousal and sensory stimulation

Answer 43

reticular formation

Question 44

At the rear of the brainstem and controls processing sensory input as well as coordinating input and balance

Answer 44

cerebellum

Question 45

The part of the brain involved in behavioral and emotional responses

Answer 45

Limbic system

Question 46

Two lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to fear and aggression (part of the Limbic system)

Answer 46

amygdala

Question 47

directs eating, drinking, and body temp, and helps govern the endocrine system with emotional reward ( part of the Limbic system)

Answer 47

hypothalamus

Question 48

a small structure with two arms that wrap around the thalamus and helps process for storage of explicit memories, facts, or events ( part of the Limbic system)

Answer 48

hippocampus

Question 49

The outer layer that lies on top of your cerebrum and connects your two brain hemispheres

Answer 49

cerebral cortex

Question 50

Functions include speaking, motor movements, judgment, and decision making

Answer 50

frontal lobes

Question 51

Receives and processes sensory input for touch and body position

Answer 51

Parietal lobes

Question 52

Receives visual info from the opposite visual field

Answer 52

Occipital Lobes

Question 53

Receives auditory info primarily from the opposite ear

Answer 53

Temporal Lobes

Question 54

Controls voluntary movements

Answer 54

Motor Cortex

Question 55

registers info from skin senses and body movement

Answer 55

somatosensory cortex

Question 56

areas of the brain working or not working together in order to complete or not complete a task

Answer 56

association areas

Question 57

The brain's ability to change when aging by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Answer 57

plasticity

Question 58

The formation of new neurons

Answer 58

neurogenesis

Question 59

A wide band of axon fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain

Answer 59

corpus callosum

Question 60

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

Answer 60

consciousness

Question 61

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (this includes perception, thinking, memory, and language.)

Answer 61

cognitive neuroscience

Question 62

The principle that info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Answer 62

dual processing

Question 63

A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

Answer 63

blindsight

Question 64

proccessing many aspects of a problem simultaneously. Used to process well-learned info and solve simple problems

Answer 64

parallel processing

Question 65

processing in one aspect of a problem at a time. Used to process new info or solve difficult problems.

Answer 65

Sequential processing

Question 66

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Answer 66

behavior genetics

Question 67

The genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

Answer 67

heredity

Question 68

every nongenetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

Answer 68

enviorment

Question 69

a complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up chromosomes

Answer 69

DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 70

The biochemical units of heredity that makeup chromosomes. segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins.

Answer 70

genes

Question 71

The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

Answer 71

genome

Question 72

Identical(monozygotic) twins developed from a single fertilized egg that splits in two creating two genetically identical organisms

Answer 72

Identical(monozygotic) twins

Question 73

fraternal (dizygotic) twins developed from separate fertilized eggs, genetically no closer than regular siblings but sharing a prenatal environment

Answer 73

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

Question 74

The proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a gene depends on the range of populations and environments studied

Answer 74

Heritability

Question 75

The interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor(environment) depends on another(heredity)

Answer 75

interaction

Question 76

The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

Answer 76

molecular genetics

Question 77

The study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior

Answer 77

molecular behavior genetics

Question 78

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection

Answer 78

evolutionary psychology

Question 79

"in addition to" genetics; the influence on gene expression that occurs without a DNA change

Answer 79

epigenetics

Question 80

inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on

Answer 80

natural selection

Question 81

A random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Answer 81

mutation

Question 82

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Answer 82

social script