Unit 2 Part 3

Question 1

COMPLEX response to injurious
agents

Answer 1

inflammation

Question 1

COMPLEX response to injurious
agents

Answer 1

inflammation

Question 2

leads as to the healing and reconstitution of the damaged tissue
(repair)

Answer 2

inflammation

Question 3

Aims of inflammation

Answer 3

• Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury
• Remove necrotic cells and tissue
• Initiate the process of repair

Question 4

INFLAMMATION is part of a broader
protective response OR

Answer 4

innate immunity

Question 5

Components of the inflammatory
process

Answer 5

white blood cells and
plasma proteins

Question 6

Inflammation is terminated when

Answer 6

offending agent is eliminated
secreted mediators are broken down

Question 7

inflammation is potentially harmful process if

Answer 7

Components are capable of destroying microbes
-injure

Question 8

no foreign substances to fight leads to

Answer 8

autoimmunity

Question 9

inflammatory process is tightly regulated by

Answer 9

immune system

Question 10

causes of inflammation

Answer 10

bacteria
viral
protozoal
fungal
immunological
chemical, toxins
tumor
radiation

Question 11

5 ancient cardinal signs of inflammatory

Answer 11

tumor-swelling
rubor-redness
calor-warmth
dolor-pain
functio laesa-loss of function

Question 12

systemic manifestations of inflammation

Answer 12

fever
chills
myalgia
discomfort

Question 13

Increased blood flow due to vascular dilatation gives

Answer 13

redness and heat
rubor and calor

Question 14

Increased vascular permeability gives edema causing

Answer 14

tissue swelling
tumor

Question 15

Certain chemical mediators stimulate sensory nerve
endings giving

Answer 15

pain
dolor

Question 16

Pain and swelling result in loss of

Answer 16

function
functio laesa

Question 17

features of acute inflammation

Answer 17

fast mins or hrs, neutrophil infiltrate, mild and self-limited, prominent

Question 18

features of chronic inflammation

Answer 18

slow days, monocytes infiltrate, severe and progressive, less prominent and subtle

Question 19

rapid response to an injurious agent
deliver mediators of host defense-leukocytes and plasma proteins

Answer 19

acute inflammation

Question 20

stimuli for acute inflamation

Answer 20

infection
necrosis
foreign bodies
immune reactions

Question 21

Events of Acute Inflammation

Answer 21

VASCULAR:
hemodynamic/ Vasoactive changes
increased vascular permeability
CELLULAR
leukocyte recruitment

Question 22

changes in vascular flow and caliber
earliest manifestation

Answer 22

hemodynamic/vasoactive changes

Question 23

hemodynamic events

Answer 23

1. vasoconstrict
2. vasodilation

Question 24

Increased Vascular Permeability events

Answer 24

3. Elevation of the local hydrostatic pressure 4. Increased permeability of the microvasculature 5. Leakage of proteinaceous fluid 6. Stasis 7. Margination of circulating leukocytes and endothelial activation

Question 25

general term for swelling

Answer 25

edema

Question 26

maintain a “colloid osmotic pressure”

Answer 26

Plasma proteins

Question 27

(e.g. heart failure) and/or colloid pressure (decresased protein synthesis/retention) pushes out more fluid (transudate) into tissue bed

Answer 27

Dysregulation of hydrostatic pressure

Question 28

causes endothelial cells to separate

Answer 28

inflammation

Question 29

excess of fluid in the interstitial or serous cavities

Answer 29

edema

Question 30

<1.012 gravity low protein content ultrafiltrate of blood plasma

Answer 30

Transudate

Question 31

>1.020 gravity high protein concentration, alteration in the normal permeability of small blood vessels

Answer 31

Exudate

Question 32

recruited from the blood into the extravascular tissue

Answer 32

leukocytes

Question 33

predominate in the inflammatory infiltrate during the first 6 to 24 hours.

Answer 33

neutrophils

Question 34

more numerous in the blood respond more rapidly to chemokines may attach more firmly to the adhesion molecules short-lived, they die by apoptosis and disappear within 24 to 48 hours.

Answer 34

neutrophils

Question 35

leukocyte recruitment events

Answer 35

margination rolling activation adhesion transmigration chemotaxis phagocytosis killing

Question 36

leukocyte accumulation at the periphery of vessels. Fluid leaves the vessel (exudate) Leukocytes are pushed out of the central axial column

Answer 36

Margination

Question 37

◼ Leukocytes tumble on the endothelial surface, transiently sticking along the way. ◼ This weak and transient adhesion ◼ Enables leukocytes to slow down and travel along the endothelial surface

Answer 37

Rolling

Question 38

Integrin --- by chemokines Chemotaxis

Answer 38

Activation

Question 39

chemotactic cytokines which support firm adhesion to endothelial cell

Answer 39

Chemokines

Question 40

movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance.

Answer 40

Chemotaxis

Question 41

Proteins that function mechanically, by attaching the cell cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (ECM), and biochemically, by sensing whether adhesion has occurred

Answer 41

Integrins

Question 42

mediated by selectin family expressed on leukocyte cell surfaces interacting with their ligands on endothelial cell

Answer 42

Adhesion

Question 43

selectin family

Answer 43

◼ E selectin (endothelium) ◼ P selectin (platelets, endothelium) ◼ L selectin (leukocytes)

Question 44

leukocytes migrate through the vessel wall primarily by squeezing between cells at intercellular junctions (diapedesis)

Answer 44

Transmigration

Question 45

leukocytes migrate toward sites of infection or injury locomotion oriented along a chemical gradient

Answer 45

Chemotaxis

Question 46

process of coating a particle Coated microbes are recognized by receptors on phagocytes

Answer 46

Leukocyte Activation (opsonization)

Question 47

◼ The process of engulfment of solid particulate material by cells ◼ responsible for eliminating the injurious agent

Answer 47

Phagocytosis

Question 48

3 interrelated steps of phagocytosis

Answer 48

Recognition and Attachment Engulfment Killing of Degradation

Question 49

◼ Involves the particle to be ingested by the leukocyte ◼ Foreign objects coated with opsonins IgG and C3b which attach to receptors on polymorph surface

Answer 49

Recognition and Attachment

Question 50

- Cell membrane fuses around an object - this gives rise to 'regurgitation during feeding' and enzymatic damage to surrounding tissue

Answer 50

Engulfment

Question 51

-H2O2, hypohalous acid (HOC1) produced by myeloperoxidase and superoxides kill bacteria. -After phagocytosis, neutrophils undergo apoptosis and are ingested by macrophages

Answer 51

Killing of Degradation

Question 52

Outcome of Acute Inflammation

Answer 52

◼ Complete resolution ◼ Tissue destruction and persistent acute inflammation ◼ Healing by connective tissue replacement ◼ Chronic Inflammation

Question 53

Morphologic patterns of Acute Inflammation (7)

Answer 53

Serous Catarrhal Fibrinous Hemorrhagic Suppurative Gangrenous Pseudomembranous

Question 54

◼ Accumulation of excessive clear watery fluid ◼ Blister arising from a burn or viral infection

Answer 54

Serous Inflammation

Question 55

◼ Large amounts of fibrinogen pass the vessel wall and fibrins are formed ◼ Fibrinous pericarditis

Answer 55

Fibrinous Inflammation

Question 56

◼ Local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue ◼ Most commonly encountered in the oral mucosa, subcutaneous tissue

Answer 56

Ulcerative Inflammation

Question 57

Laboratory Manifestations in Acute Inflammation

Answer 57

◼ Leukocytosis ◼ Elevated serum active phase proteins ◼ Increased ESR ◼ Hypercoagulability

Question 58

Inflammation of prolonged duration in which active inflammation, tissue destruction and attempts at repair proceed simultaneously

Answer 58

Chronic Inflammation

Question 59

Causes of Chronic Inflammation

Answer 59

-Persistent injury of infection -Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents -Autoimmune disease

Question 60

—self-perpetuating immune reaction that results in tissue damage and inflammation

Answer 60

auto immune disease

Question 61

Morphologic features inflammation

Answer 61

Infiltration Tissue destruction Healing

Question 62

◼ A special form of chronic inflammation ◼ Characterized by focal activation of activated macrophages

Answer 62

Granulomatous inflammation

Question 63

focal aggregation of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a collar of mononuclear leukocytes

Answer 63

Granuloma