Unit 2 (phonetics)

Question 1

Segments

Answer 1

Individual speech sounds (phones).

Question 2

What are the three units to represent speech?

Answer 2

Segments, Syllables, and Features.

Question 3

Syllable

Answer 3

Metered sectioning, usually including a vowel.

Question 4

Feature

Answer 4

Describing the sound/segment (consonantal, sonorous, syllabic).

Question 5

Describe the sound production system

Answer 5

Energy, Sound Source, and Filters.

Question 6

Pulmonic

Answer 6

from the lungs.

Question 7

Where does energy come from?

Answer 7

The lungs.

Question 8

Egressive

Answer 8

Sound created with air flow out of the lungs.

Question 9

Ingressive

Answer 9

sounds created with air flow into the lungs.

Question 10

What is the sound source?

Answer 10

Vocal folds/chords (larynx).

Question 11

What are the three filters?

Answer 11

pharynx, oral cavity and nasal cavity.

Question 12

What are the filters of the sound production system for?

Answer 12

they change the way the sound is manipulated.

Question 13

Glottis

Answer 13

The opening/empty space in the larynx.

Question 14

Voice

Answer 14

A glottal state where there is vibration in the larynx like when you make a “v” sound. The vocal folds are slightly open.

Question 15

Voiceless

Answer 15

A glottal state where there is no vibration in the larynx like when you make an “f” sound. The vocal folds are open all the way.

Question 16

What are the four glottal states?

Answer 16

Voice, voiceless, whisper, and murmur.

Question 17

Arytenoid cartilages

Answer 17

The two triangle shapes at the back of the larynx that move the vocal folds.

Question 18

Glides

Answer 18

when two vowels or consonants “mush” together. Interchangeable with semi-consonants and semivowels. [j]

Question 19

Phonetics

Answer 19

The sub field of linguistics that examines sounds and sounds inventories (alternate definition to the one in unit 1).

Question 20

What are the four articulators?

Answer 20

Lips, Tongue Tip, Tongue Body, Larynx.

Question 21

Consonant

Answer 21

A sound with obstruction of airflow in the oral tract.

Question 22

What are the three ways we describe consonants?

Answer 22

Glottal state, place of articulation, and manner of articulation. (ex. voiced bilabial stop [b])

Question 23

Bilabials

Answer 23

POA. Both lips ([p][b][m])

Question 24

Labiodental

Answer 24

POA. Teeth and lips ([f][v])

Question 25

Dental

Answer 25

POA. Both teeth ([t]emps)

Question 26

Interdental

Answer 26

POA. Tongue in between teeth ([θ][ð])

Question 27

Alveolar

Answer 27

POA. Tongue on alveolar ridge ([l][n][r][z][s][d][t])

Question 28

Alveolarpalatal

Answer 28

POA. Tongue between the palate and ridge ([ʃ][ʒ][tʃ][dʒ])

Question 29

palatal

Answer 29

POA. Tongue at the palate ([j])

Question 30

Velar

Answer 30

POA. Tongue at the back of the oral cavity (soft part) ([k][g][w][ŋ])

Question 31

Uvular

Answer 31

POA. French [r]

Question 32

Pharyngeal

Answer 32

POA. Arabic [q] (waqar)

Question 33

Glottal

Answer 33

POA. Within the larynx ([h]) (_oh-_oh)

Question 34

What are the two manners of articulation?

Answer 34

Obstruents and Sonorants

Question 35

Obstruents

Answer 35

Sounds that are obstructed. can be voiced or voiceless.

Question 36

Sonorants

Answer 36

Sounds that are voiced and more powerful.

Question 37

Stops

Answer 37

obstruent. total obstruction of airflow

Question 38

Fricatives

Answer 38

obstruent. a narrow constriction

Question 39

Affricatives

Answer 39

obstruent. 1. stop 2. frication

Question 40

Nasals

Answer 40

sonorants. stops. the velum is lowered.

Question 41

laterals

Answer 41

sonorants. liquids. [l]

Question 42

retroflex/bunched

Answer 42

sonorants. liquids. [r]

Question 43

Flap

Answer 43

sonorants. liquids. trill. (spanish r)

Question 44

What are the two vowel types?

Answer 44

simple vowels (monothongs) and diphthongs.

Question 45

What are the four ways to describe a vowel?

Answer 45

tongue height, tongue retraction, lip roundedness, tenseness. (ex. high front unrounded [i])

Question 46

what are the height sections of the tongue?

Answer 46

low, mid, high

Question 47

what are the retraction sections of the tongue?

Answer 47

front, central, back

Question 48

Where is the tongue retracted when making a rounded sound?

Answer 48

back

Question 49

Suprasegmentals

Answer 49

prosodic properties of speech independent of place and manner of articulation. Tone, Intonation, Length, stress.

Question 50

Pitch

Answer 50

perception of frequency (high v low)

Question 51

Loudness

Answer 51

perception of decibels (quiet v loud)

Question 52

Two types of tone?

Answer 52

contour and register

Question 53

register

Answer 53

level

Question 54

contour

Answer 54

moving

Question 55

two types of Intonation

Answer 55

terminal and non terminal contour

Question 56

terminal contour

Answer 56

falling intonation to end a sentence

Question 57

non terminal contour

Answer 57

rising intonation to end a sentence

Question 58

stress

Answer 58

prominence of a vowel. conFLICT vs CONflict

Question 59

Main phonetic processes (8)

Answer 59

Assimilation, dissimilation, aspiration, nasalization, metathesis, epenthesis, deletion, and vowel reduction

Question 60

two categories and 3 subcategories of assimilation

Answer 60

progressive and regressive; and voicing, place, and manner

Question 61

assimilation

Answer 61

one sound influencing its neighbour

Question 62

Dissimilation

Answer 62

2 adjacent sounds become less like eachother

Question 63

epenthesis

Answer 63

the adding of a sound into a word

Question 64

deletion

Answer 64

the removal of a sound from a word

Question 65

metathesis

Answer 65

the swaping/reordering of sounds in a word

Question 66

vowel reduction

Answer 66

when a vowel is unstressed and reduced to a schwa

Question 67

Aspiration

Answer 67

english voiceless stops are aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a syllable followed by a stressed vowel