Unit 2: Population Flashcards
Population Distribution
Where people live within a geographic area
-Affects cultural, political, environmental, and economic aspects/conditions of any given area.
Human Migration
occurs when people make a permanent move from one place to another
-can happen for economic (jobs, working conditions, pay), political (government, war), cultural (safety, sense of place, community), and historical (ancient settlements still draw populations) factors.
Population Density
number of people occupying a unit of land
Arithmetic Density: total number of people per unit area of land
Physiological Density: total number of people per unit of arable land
Agricultural Density: total number of farmers per unit of arable land
Carry Capacity
maximum population size an environment can sustain
Dependency Ratio
-the number of people in a dependent age group (-15 or 60+) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (15-59) times 100
-not totally accurate
Sex Ratio
represents the proportion of males to females in a population
-usually more males born, but females live about 5 years longer
Demographics
data about the structures and characteristics of human population
Fertility
Ability to produce children (influences birth rate)
Crude birth rate (CBR)
the number of births in a given year per 1000 people in given population
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
the average number of children one women in a given county/region will have during her childbearing years (15-49)
Population’s replacement level
number of children per women necessary to keep a country’s population constant
Mortality
deaths as a component of population change (affected by water, health care, food, and shelter)
-mortality is a key factor of demographics
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
number of deaths of a given population per year per 1000 people (below 10 is low, higher than 20 is high)
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live births
*better than CDR
Life expectancy
average number of years a person is expected to live
-core countries=80+
-peripheral countries=50
Population Pyramids
used to interpret the implications of the changing structure of a population
-can show age-sex distribution of a given population
Rate of Natural Increase
the difference between the crude birth rate and crude Death Rate or a defined group of people
-High RNI indicates rapid pop. growth
-Doesn’t account for migration or specific story
Doubling Time(DT)
number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double
-70/RNI=DT
-Good for analyzing trends between regions
Overpopulation
a population that exceeds its sustainable size, or carrying capacity
Malthus’s Theory
-Thomas Malthus, late 1700s, ,English demographic
-Theorized that population growth would grow exponentially, while food and resources would go arithmetically
-Believed population would exceed our carry capacity
-Malthus didn’t foresee our advancements of civilization that increased food production exponentially (refrigerator)
Neo-Malthusian
Raises concerns about sustainable use of the planet, saying Earth’s resources will have a limit
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
-Represents the shifts in growth that the world’s population have undergone-and are still experiencing- over time
-Used to better understand the relative stability of a population and the factors that affect population growth
-all countries go through first 4 stages. rarely going backwards, some countries are at 5. some indigenous groups are thought to still be at 1
Stages:
1: Before industrial rev. high death and birth, low pop
2: industrialization, high birth, growing pop, lower death
3:Birth rates decrease and development occurs
4: birth rate deceased as development occurs
5: population begins to decrease
Epidemiological Transition Model
-Describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as a result of changes in causes of death
-Only related to health factors, over simplifies patterns of disease, overlook poverty, does not account for future.
Stages:
1.Famine-Infectious and parasitic disease-High death, low life expectancy
2.Receding Pandemic Disease-Lower spread of infection, improved sanitation/medicine-Death decreases, life expectancy increases
3.Degenerative and Human-created Disease-Increase disease related to aging-Death is low, life expectancy increases
4.Delayed degenerative diseases-Medical advances reduce disease of aging-Life expectancy is highest
5.Reemergence of Infectious Disease-Infectious/Parasitic disease resistant to antibiotics-life expectancy decreases
Antinatalist
Government policies discouraging citizens from having children, worried about population growth exceeding resources
