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Unit 2 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

heredity

A

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

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2
Q

genetics

A

the branch of bio dealing with heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

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3
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

a molecule that carries genetic info in cells

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4
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait

Found at a specific location on a chromosome

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5
Q

Locus

A

The location of a gene on a chromosome

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6
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

The production of offspring from a single parent.

The genetic info of offspring is identical to that of the parent

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7
Q

Polyploid

A

Having more that two sets of chromosomes

ie. Many plants

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

The production of offspring from the fusion of two sex cells (usually from 2 diff parents). Genetic makeup of offspring is different from each parent

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9
Q

Fragmentation

A

A method of asexual reproduction in which a piece or body fragment of the parent organism develops into a mature individual

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

The process by which a eukaryotic cell divides the genetic material in its nucleus into 2 identical nuclei

Basically division of nucleus

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11
Q

Interphase

A

Portion of cell cycle between mitosis divisions where genetic material in the form of chromatin is duplicated

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

Tangled strands of DNA and protein without a eukaryotic nucleus

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13
Q

Sister chromatid

A

The identical copy of a single chromosome that remains attached to the original chromosome at the centromere

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14
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The process by which a eukaryotic cell divides its cytoplasm into 2 new daughter cells

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15
Q

Cloning

A

The process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another, using a single cell or tissue

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16
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use and modification of organisms for applications in engineering, industry and medicine

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17
Q

Genetically modified organism

A

An organism in which genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

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18
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell

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19
Q

Fertilization

A

Formation of a zygote by the joining together or fusion of 2 gametes

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20
Q

Zygote

A

A cell produced by the fusion of 2 gametes

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21
Q

Meiosis

A

A two stage cell division in which the resulting daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Results in the production of gametes or spores

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22
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Matching pairs of chromosomes similar in size and carrying the info for the same genes

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23
Q

Tetrad

A

A pair of homologous chromosomes each with 2 sister chromatids

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24
Q

Synapsis

A

The physical pairing up of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

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25
Crossing over
The exchange of chromosome segments between homologous pairs during synopsis
26
Karyotype
The chromosomes of an individual that have been sorted and arranged according to size and shape. P.158
27
Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes that differ in males and females of the same species. The combination of sex chromosomes determines the sex of the offspring
28
Autosomes
Non sex chromosomes
29
Non disjunction
The failure of homologous chromosomes to more to opposite poles of the cell during meiosis Results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells
30
Trisomy
Chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 homologous chromosomes in place of a homologous pair
31
Monosomy
A chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome in place of a homologous pair
32
Prenatal testing
Testing for a genetic disorder that occurs prior to birth
33
Maternal inheritance
A type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from two gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the female gamete
34
Paternal inheritance
A type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from two gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the male gamete
35
Trait
A particular version of a characteristic that is inherited ie hair colour, blood type
36
True-breeding organism
Organism that produces offspring that are genetically identical for one or more traits when self pollinated or when crossed with another true breeding organism
37
Hybrid
The offspring of two different true breeding plants
38
Cross
The successful mating of 2 organisms from distinct genetic lines
39
P generation
The parent plants used in a cross
40
F1 generation
The offspring of a P generation cross
41
Monohybrid
The offspring of two different true breeding plants that differ in only one characteristic
42
Monohybrid cross
A cross designed to study the inheritance of only one trait
43
F2 generation
Offspring of an F1 generation cross
44
Law of segregation (2)
states that 1. organisms inherit 2 copies of genes; one from each parent 2. organisms donate one copy of each gene to their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation
45
allele
a diff/specific form of a gene
46
homozygous
describes an individual that carries 2 of the same alleles for a given characteristic
47
heterozygous
describes an individual that carries 2 diff alleles for a given characteristic
48
genotype
the genetic makeup of an individual
49
phenotype
physical appearance of an individual
50
dominant allele
the allele that is always expressed when present
51
recessive allele
the allele that is expressed only if it is not in the presence of the dominant allele ie. being homozygous recessive
52
test cross
a cross used to determine the genotype of an individual expressing the dominant a dominant trait helps to see if they are homo dom or heterozygous
53
complete dominance
situation where an allele will determine the genotype of an individual (ie, there is a dominant and a recessive allele)
54
incomplete dominance
situation where neither allele dominates the other, resulting in partial expression of both alleles
55
codominance
situation where both alleles are expressed fully to produce offspring with a 3rd genotype (ie in cows red + white = roan)
56
pedigree (chart)
a diagram of an individual's ancestors used in human genetics to analyze the Mendelian inheritance of a certain trait
57
autosomal inheritance
inheritance of alleles located on autosomal (non sex chromosomes)
58
sex-linked
describes an allele that is found on one of the sec chromosomes (X or Y) and is expressed when passed on to offspring
59
X-linked
phenotypic expression of an allele that is found on the X chromosome
60
Y-linked
phenotypic expression of an allele that is found on the Y chromosome
61
mutation
a change in the genetic code of an allele; can have a positive, negative or no effect
62
carrier testing
a genetic test that determines whether an individual is heterozygous for a given gene that results in a genetic disorder
63
genetic screening
tests used to identify the presence of a defective allele that leads to a genetic disorder
64
dihybrid cross
a cross that involves two genes, each consisting of heterozygous alleles
65
law of independent assortment
if genes are located on separate chromosomes, they will be inherited independently of one another
66
product law
the probability of 2 independent random events both occurring is the product of the individual probabilities of the events
67
discontinuous variation
when the expression of products of one gene has no bearing on the expression of the products of a second gene
68
continuous variation
when the product of one gene is affected by the product of another gene, the gene products may be additive or one product may negate another product
69
additive allele
an allele that has a partial influence on phenotype
70
nucleotide
the repeating unit of DNA
71
chromosome mutation
an error that involves an entire chromosome or a large part of a chromosome
72
spontaneous mutation
mutation that is not caused by any outside factors, occurring randomly
73
induced mutation
mutation that occurs bc of exposure to an outside factor | ie. second hand smoke increases the chance of developing lung cancer
74
antibiotic resistant
describes strains of bacteria that are no longer susceptible to the effects of antibiotics. sometimes called superbugs and are prevalent in hospital settings
75
transponson
a specific segment of DNA that can move along or between the chromosomes
76
transposition
the process of moving a gene sequence from one part of the chromosome to another part of the chromsome
77
microarray
a small membrane or glass slide that has been coated in a predictable and organized manner with a genomic sequence
78
human genome
the sequence of DNA nitrogenous bases found on the 23 sets of chromosomes in humans
79
coding DNA
a region of DNA that contains a sequence of nucleotides that will be expressed; a gene
80
non-coding DNA
a region of DNA that does not contain a sequence of nucleotides that will be expressed
81
functional genomics
the study of the relationship between genes and their function
82
model organism
an organism that can be used to study biological functions of another organism, due to its genetic similarity
83
DNA bank
a database of DNA sequences, can be from plants, animals, humans
84
DNA fingerprinting
a pattern of bands on a gene that is unique to each individual
85
restriction enzyme
a molecule that has the ability to cut DNA at a specific site. diff restriction enzymes recognize and cut diff sites
86
recombinant DNA
a fragment of DNA that consists of nucleotide sequences from at least two different sources
87
gene therapy
the process by which defective genes in a genome are corrected with a normal copy of the gene
88
target cell
one of the cells that contain the faulty gene to be corrected
89
vector
any agent , such as a plasmid or a virus, capable of inserting a piece of DNA into a cell

SBI3U (5 decks)

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