Unit 2 Test

Question 1

Cellular respiration

Answer 1

catabolic pathway that breaks down energy rich compounds to produce ATP
takes place in both animal and plant cells

Question 2

Aerobic respiration

Answer 2

catabolic pathway that requires oxygen

Question 3

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 3

catabolic pathway in the absence of oxygen

Question 4

Two ways ATP is produced

Answer 4

SLP - ATP formation from transferring a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP
Oxidative Phosphorylation - couples oxidation of NADH and FADH2 by ETC to form a proton gradient to power phosphorylation and ATP formation

Question 5

Cellular Respiration equation

Answer 5

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

Question 6

Location of States of Cellular Respiration

Answer 6

Glycolysis - cytosol
Pyruvate oxidation - mitochondrial matrix
Kreb’s Cycle - mitochondrial matrix
ETC/Chemiosmosis (Oxidative Phosphorylation) - across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 7

Glycolysis

Answer 7

The metabolic pathway that breaks glucose down into pyruvate
cytoplasm
anaerobic
net gain of 2 ATP
2 NADH

Question 8

Draw glycolysis

Answer 8

1) Energy investment
2) Cleavage
3) Energy Pay off

Question 9

After glycolysis

Answer 9

If oxygen is available –> PO, Kreb’s, ETC/Chemiosmosis
If oxygen is absent –> Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation

Question 10

Draw/explain PO

Answer 10

1. carboxyl group removed from pyruvate (decarboxylation)
2. redox reaction - NAD+ to NADH
3. Coenzyme A added to acetyl to produce Acetyl-CoA

Question 11

Draw/explain Kreb’s

Answer 11

Mitochondrial matrix
Aerobic
acetyl co A, citrate, isocitrate, ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate oxaloacetate

Question 12

Yield per glucose from Kreb’s

Answer 12

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2

Question 13

ETC

Answer 13

NADH oxidized
FADH2 oxidized
electrochemical gradient
final electron acceptor

Question 14

Chemiosmosis

Answer 14

H+ enters the matrix from high to low concentration via ATP synthase
energy from the electrochemical gradient used to create ATP

Question 15

Oxidative phosphorylation NADH and FADH2 to ATP

Answer 15

1 NADH –> 3 ATP
1 FADH2 –> 2 ATP

Question 16

Oxidative phosphorylation complexes and electron shuttles

Answer 16

NADH dehydrogenase, ubiquinone, cytochrome bc-1 complex II, cytochrome c, cytochrome oxidase complex III, ATP synthase

Question 17

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Answer 17

A metabolic pathway which an inorganic molecule other than oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor during the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP

Question 18

Anaerobic Fermentation

Answer 18

A cellular respiration pathway that transfers electrons from NADH to an organic acceptor molecule

Question 19

Lactate Fermentation

Answer 19

occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria
production of lactate
Pyruvate from glycolysis reacts with NADH to reoxidize to NAD+, surrounding is acidic, NAD+ regeneration to keep glycolysis going to produce ATP
glucose –> 2 pyruvate –> 2 lactate

Question 20

Ethanol Fermentation

Answer 20

yeast cells and some bacteria
production of ethanol and carbon dioxide
glucose –> 2 pyruvate –> 2 Acetaldehyde –> 2 ethanol

Question 21

Photosynthesis + equation

Answer 21

converts solar/light energy into chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose
6CO2 + 6H2O + solar energy –> C6H12O6 +6O2
performed by autotroph organisms (manufacture molecules for own metabolism)

Question 22

Structure of mitochondria

Answer 22

inner membrane
outer membrane
crista
intermembrane space
matrix

Question 23

Structure of chloroplast

Answer 23

thylakoid
thylakoid membrane
lumen/thylakoid space
outer membrane
inner membrane
stroma
granum

Question 24

Thylakoid

Answer 24

interconnected sac-like membranous disks within the chloroplast, containing molecules that absorb energy from the sun

Question 25

Absorption of light energy

Answer 25

light absorbed in forms of energy called photons V I B G Y O R shorter wavelength = higher energy longer wavelength = lower energy

Question 26

Pigment (chlorophyll and carotenoids)

Answer 26

compounds that absorb certain wavelengths of visible light while reflecting others embedded in the thylakoid membrane chlorophyll (a and b) - absorbed red and blue reflects green carotenoids - absorbs blue and green and reflect yellow, orange, red

Question 27

photosystem

Answer 27

collection of pigment molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane energize electrons Photosystem I and II

Question 28

photosynthesis overview (locations)

Answer 28

light dependent - photophosphorylation - require solar energy - across the thylakoid membrane - produce ATP and NADH light-independent reactions - the Calvin cycle - require products of the light reactions - use carbon from CO2 to produce glucose - take place in the stroma of chloroplast

Question 29

Non - cyclic photophosphorylation

Answer 29

1. photons of light strike photosystem II and are absorbed by antenna pigments (ground state to excited state) 2. excitation energy passed along pigment molecules until reaches P680 molecule - reaction centre chlorophyll a 3. high energy state of chlorophyll a causes it to emit high energy electrons passed onto the primary electron acceptor (photoexcitation) 4. when excited elctron leaves PII now positively charge P680+ 5. electrons are replaced in PII through photolysis - water splitting enzyme splits 2 water molecules 2H2O --> O2 + 4H+ + 4e-, H+ remain in lumen 6. each photoexicted electron passes from primary electron acceptor in P2 to P1 via ETC 7. energy is used by b6f complex to pump H+ from stroma --> lumen 8. electrochemical gradient high H+ in lumen and low H+ in stroma 9. ATP synthesis - H+ pass through ATP synthase enzyme by facilitated diffusion (lumen --> stroma) energy of concentration gradient used to generate ATP. process called photophosphorylation 10. photons of light strike photosystem I. transferred to reaction centre P700 molecule. electrons re-energised passed to electron acceptor. lost electrons replaced by ones from photosystem II 11. electrons from P1 passed to electron carrier ferredoxin passes electrons to enzyme NADP reductase which adds 2 e- and 2H+ to coenzyme NADP+ reducitnt to NADPH ATP and NADPH accumulate in stroma necessary for light-independent stage of photosynthesis

Question 30

Calvin cycle

Answer 30

second stage of photosynthesis does not require direct light, requires products of light dependent ATP and NADPH takes place in stroma produces product to create sugars

Question 31

Carbon fixation

Answer 31

1) first molecule in calvin cycle ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) RuBp , 5 carbon, accepts carbon from CO2, reaction catalyzed by enzyme RuBP carboxylase (rubisco) creates 6 carbon intermediate molecule that splits into 3C molecules 3-phosphoglycerate(PGA)

Question 32

Reduction

Answer 32

2) ATP is used to phosphorylate 3 phosphoglycerate to produce 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate NADPH oxide and 1,3 BPG reduced to produce G3P - ADP returns to ETC to be converted to ATP - NADPH is oxidized to be reduced 2 G3P exits calvin cycle to different metabolic pathway to produce glucose

Question 33

Regeneration of RuBP

Answer 33

RuBP necessary to keep calvin cycle running, must be regenerated remaining G3P molecules go through reactions to regenerate RuBp. ATP is used in the process

Question 34

why is cyclic phosphorylation required

Answer 34

non cyclic produces 1 ATP and 1 NADPH per 2 electrons that pass through calvin cycle uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH ATP getes used up faster Chloroplasts use cyclic to produce more ATP

Question 35

what is produced per glucose in calvin cycle

Answer 35

6 CO2 18 ATP 12 NADPH