Unit 2 Test Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
What are the two main types of cells?
A
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms, while eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular.
2
Q
What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?
A
Cell
This is a fundamental principle of cell theory.
3
Q
What is the composition of prokaryotic cells?
A
Cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleoid
Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus.
4
Q
What is the composition of eukaryotic cells?
A
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleus
Eukaryotic cells may or may not have a cell wall.
5
Q
List the three main tenets of cell theory.
A
- All living things are made of one or more cells
- The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life
- All cells come from pre-existing cells
These principles were established in the 19th century.
6
Q
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
A
Phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
The phospholipid bilayer is crucial for membrane fluidity and integrity.
7
Q
What is the major lipid found in the cell membrane?
A
Phospholipid
Phospholipids form the basic structure of the membrane.
8
Q
What role does cholesterol play in the membrane?
A
Maintains fluidity or softness of the membrane
Cholesterol helps to stabilize the membrane structure.
9
Q
What is the function of glycolipids in the cell membrane?
A
Cell recognition and signaling
Glycolipids help cells identify self from non-self.
10
Q
What are the functions of membrane proteins? (List at least two)
A
- Recognition of self
- Adhesion to neighboring cells
- Receptor activity
- Transport of substances
These proteins play critical roles in various cellular processes.
11
Q
What is a semipermeable barrier?
A
A membrane that allows some substances to cross while blocking others
This property is essential for maintaining homeostasis within the cell.
12
Q
What does it mean if a membrane is selectively permeable? (Semi-permeable)
A
Some substances can pass through while others cannot
This selectivity is crucial for the cell’s function and survival.
13
Q
Fill in the blank: A cell membrane is _______ if it will not allow substances to cross.
A
Impermeable
Impermeable membranes are crucial for maintaining internal environments.
14
Q
Fill in the blank: A cell membrane is _______ if it allows substances to cross freely.
A
Permeable
Permeable membranes facilitate the movement of essential materials in and out of the cell.
15
Q
What is the volume of the solution mentioned?
A
100mL
16
Q
What is simple diffusion?
A
Movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration.
17
Q
What is facilitated diffusion?
A
Transport of molecules across the cell membrane via protein channels.
18
Q
What is active transport?
A
Movement of molecules from a region of low concentration to high concentration.
19
Q
What is a solute?
A
The substance being dissolved.
20
Q
What is a solvent?
A
The substance doing the dissolving.
21
Q
What is a solution?
A
The result of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
22
Q
What is isotonic?
A
Equal concentration of solute inside and outside; water moves equally.
23
Q
What is hypotonic?
A
Less solute outside; water moves into the cell.
24
Q
What is hypertonic?
A
More solute outside; water moves out of the cell.
25
What is endocytosis?
Process of bringing large amounts of substances into the cell.
26
What is phagocytosis?
Cell eating; process of engulfing food particles.
27
What is pinocytosis?
Cell drinking; process of taking in liquid.
28
What is exocytosis?
Process of moving substances out of the cell.
29
What are the main structures of a prokaryote, and what are their functions?
1. Cell wall provides shape and protects from osmotic lysis.
2. Plasma membrane is a semi-permeable barrier.
3. Nucleoid is involved in protein synthesis.
4. Ribosomes make proteins.
30
What are the main structures of a eukaryote?
1. Plasma membrane provides shape and protects from osmotic lysis.
2. Nucleus is double membrane-bound.
3. Nucleolus makes protein
4. Ribosomes protein synthesis
31
What is the function of the nucleolus?
The nucleolus makes ribosomes.
32
What is the role of ribosomes?
Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
## Footnote
Ribosomes can be free or attached to membranes.
33
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER and smooth ER.
## Footnote
Rough ER has attached ribosomes for transporting proteins; smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis.
34
What is the function of the Golgi complex?
The Golgi complex receives, stores, modifies, and transports proteins.
35
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, producing ATP.
## Footnote
They have an internal structure with two membranes and two internal compartments.
36
What is the endosymbiotic theory related to?
The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
37
What is a key feature of chloroplasts?
Chloroplasts are found in plants and have their own ribosomes and DNA.
38
What is the function of lysosomes?
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion.
39
What is the cytoskeleton?
The cytoskeleton supports the cell and is made of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.
40
What are microtubules?
Microtubules are microscopic tubular structures that help control cell shape and movement.
## Footnote
They are composed of triplets of microtubules with none in the center.
41
What is the structure of cilia?
Cilia have a 9+2 arrangement of microtubule doublets and 2 single microtubules.
## Footnote
Cilia move cells from one place to another, similar to the movement of a fish.
42
What does a animal cell not have?
A animal cell does NOT have a cell wall.
43
What is the function of flagella?
Flagella are used for motility (e.g., sperm).
44
What do microtubules do?
Microtubules divide and consist of 2 single microtubules.
45
What are plastids?
Chloroplast, chromoplast, and amyloplast
46
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis.
47
What do chromoplasts do?
Chromoplasts store pigments and help in photosynthesis.
48
What is the function of amyloplasts?
Amyloplasts store starch.
49
What is another name for leukoplast?
Leukoplast is another name for amyloplast (amylo = starch).
50
What does the central sap vacuole do?
The central sap vacuole stores water, ensuring plants always have water.
51
What is a food vacuole?
A food vacuole is a membrane-bound sac formed by phagocytosis.
52
What is a contractile vacuole?
A contractile vacuole is found in organisms living in a hypotonic environment.
53
What is the function of the cell wall?
The cell wall gives the cell shape and protects from osmotic lysis.
54
What is the process of carbohydrate digestion?
Carbohydrate digestion involves enzymatic breakdown into basic units.
55
What is the role of amylase in digestion?
Amylase breaks down amylose into maltose during digestion.
56
What occurs in the stomach during digestion?
The stomach squeezes and twists food.
57
What happens in the small intestine during digestion of carbohydrates ?
Maltose+ maltase+water = glucose
58
How does the circulatory system transport glucose?
The circulatory system uses active transport and facilitated diffusion.
59
How does the respiratory system obtain oxygen?
The respiratory system gets oxygen through simple diffusion.
60
How do mitochondria obtain substances?
Mitochondria get substances through facilitated diffusion.
61
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C4H2O + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP.
62
What happens to proteins in the mouth and stomach?
Pepsin+ protein + H2O = peptones
63
What is the basic unit of protein digestion?
Amino acids
## Footnote
Digestion occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine using the enzyme protease.
64
What is the enzyme involved in protein digestion?
Protease
## Footnote
It acts on small intestine peptone to produce amino acids.
65
What is the basic unit of lipid digestion?
Triglyceride
## Footnote
Digestion occurs in the mouth and small intestine using the enzyme lipase.
66
What is the enzyme involved in lipid digestion?
Lipase
## Footnote
It converts lipids into triglycerides.
67
What is the basic unit of nucleic acid digestion?
Nucleotide
## Footnote
Digestion occurs in the mouth and small intestine using the enzyme nuclease.
68
What is the enzyme involved in nucleic acid digestion?
Nuclease
## Footnote
It acts on DNA to produce nucleotides.
69
What is the basic unit of carbohydrate digestion?
Glucose
## Footnote
Digestion begins in the mouth and continues in the small intestine using the enzyme amylase.
70
What is the enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion?
Amylase
## Footnote
It breaks down carbohydrates into glucose.
71
What system is used for the transport of amino acids?
Circulatory system
## Footnote
Amino acids are transported to cells via the circulatory system.
72
What system is used for the transport of triglycerides?
Circulatory system
## Footnote
Triglycerides are transported to cells via the circulatory system.
73
What system is used for the transport of nucleotides?
Circulatory system
## Footnote
Nucleotides are transported to cells via the circulatory system.
74
What system is used for the transport of glucose?
Circulatory system
## Footnote
Glucose is transported to cells via the circulatory system.
75
What is the basic unit of protein digestion?
Amino acids
## Footnote
Digestion occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine using the enzyme protease.
76
What is the enzyme involved in protein digestion?
Protease
## Footnote
It acts on small intestine peptone to produce amino acids.
77
What is the basic unit of lipid digestion?
Triglyceride
## Footnote
Digestion occurs in the mouth and small intestine using the enzyme lipase.
78
What is the enzyme involved in lipid digestion?
Lipase
## Footnote
It converts lipids into triglycerides.
79
What is the basic unit of nucleic acid digestion?
Nucleotide
## Footnote
Digestion occurs in the mouth and small intestine using the enzyme nuclease.
80
What is the enzyme involved in nucleic acid digestion?
Nuclease
## Footnote
It acts on DNA to produce nucleotides.
81
What is the basic unit of carbohydrate digestion?
Glucose
## Footnote
Digestion begins in the mouth and continues in the small intestine using the enzyme amylase.
82
What is the enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion?
Amylase
## Footnote
It breaks down carbohydrates into glucose.
83
What system is used for the transport of amino acids?
Circulatory system
## Footnote
Amino acids are transported to cells via the circulatory system.
84
What system is used for the transport of triglycerides?
Circulatory system
## Footnote
Triglycerides are transported to cells via the circulatory system.
85
What system is used for the transport of nucleotides?
Circulatory system
## Footnote
Nucleotides are transported to cells via the circulatory system.
86
What system is used for the transport of glucose?
Circulatory system
## Footnote
Glucose is transported to cells via the circulatory system.
87
What is a Glycolipid?
A molecule with a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.
88
What is Cholesterol?
A molecule that composes 20% of the lipids in the plasma membrane.
89
What is Osmosis?
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
90
What is Equilibrium?
A state where the concentration of substances is balanced.
91
What is Active transport?
The movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient. Low concentration to high concentration.
92
What is the Nucleus?
The organelle that contains the cell's genetic material.
93
What is a Ribosome?
The site of protein synthesis in the cell.
94
What is the Golgi body?
An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
95
What is a Centriole?
An organelle involved in cell division.
96
What is a Chromoplast?
An organelle that contains pigments for photosynthesis.
97
What are Cilia?
Hair-like structures that aid in movement and sensing the environment.
98
What is a Recognition protein?
A protein that helps the immune system recognize foreign substances.
99
What is a Receptor protein?
A protein that binds to specific molecules to trigger a response in the cell.
100
What is a Microtubule?
A component of the cytoskeleton that helps maintain cell shape.
101
What is a Food vacuole?
A storage organelle that contains food particles. Formed by phagocytosis
102
What is Tugor pressure?
The pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall.
103
What is a Glycoprotein?
A protein that has carbohydrate groups attached to it.
104
What is Simple diffusion?
The passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
105
What is Tubulin?
A protein that makes up microtubules.
106
What does Prokaryotic mean?
Referring to cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
107
What is the Plasma membrane?
The outer boundary of the cell that regulates what enters and exits.
108
What is a Nucleoid?
The region in a prokaryotic cell where the genetic material is located.
109
What is Smooth ER?
The endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis.
110
What is a Lysosome?
An organelle that contains digestive enzymes.
111
What is a Centrosome?
An organelle that organizes microtubules during cell division.
112
What is an Amyloplast?
An organelle that stores starch.
113
What are Flagella?
Long, whip-like structures that aid in cell movement.
114
What is an Adhesion protein?
A protein that helps cells stick to each other.
115
What is the Cytoskeleton?
A network of fibers that helps maintain cell shape and structure.
116
What does MTOC stand for?
Microtubule Organizing Center.
117
What is Plasmolysis?
The process where cells lose water in a hypertonic solution.
118
What is a Phospholipid?
A molecule that composes 75% of the lipids in the plasma membrane.
119
What is Facilitated diffusion?
The process of passive transport of molecules across a membrane via a transport protein.
120
What is Actin?
A protein that forms microfilaments in the cytoskeleton.
121
What does Eukaryotic mean?
Referring to cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
122
What is Cytoplasm?
The jelly-like substance within the cell membrane.
123
What is the Nucleolus?
The structure within the nucleus where ribosome production occurs.
124
What is Rough ER?
The endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.
125
What are Mitochondria?
Organelles that produce energy through cellular respiration.
126
What are Chloroplasts?
Organelles that conduct photosynthesis in plant cells.
127
What is a Central sap vacuole?
A large vacuole in plant cells that stores nutrients and waste products.
128
What is a Cell wall?
The rigid outer layer of plant cells that provides structure and protection.
129
What is a Transport protein?
A protein that helps move substances across a cell membrane.
130
What is a Microfilament?
A component of the cytoskeleton made of actin filaments.
131
What is a Contractile vacuole?
An organelle that helps regulate water balance in some cells.
132
What is Osmotic lysis?
The bursting of a cell due to excess water intake.
133
What is the Cell theory?
The theory that all living organisms are composed of cells.
134
What is the importance of the phospholipid?
It is crucial for the structure and function of the plasma membrane.
135
What are the mechanisms of molecular movement?
Diffusion (simple and facilitated), osmosis, and concentration gradients.
136
How do oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and glucose cross the membrane?
Through diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
137
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have them.
138
.
139
What should you know about the four organic macromolecules?
Where chemical digestion begins and ends, and the systems used to metabolize them.
140
Where do the end products of digestion go within the cell?
To specific organelles for processing.
141
What molecule composes 5% of the lipids in the plasma membrane?
This molecule is a glycolipid.
142
What is the principle that states all cells arise from preexisting cells?
This principle is known as cell theory.
143
A hormone produced in one area of the body would most likely attach to which membrane-bound protein?
It would attach to a receptor protein.
144
Which molecule has both polar and nonpolar regions?
This molecule is a phospholipid.
145
What is a protein embedded in the plasma membrane with an oligosaccharide attached called?
It is called a glycoprotein.
146
What is a lipid found in the plasma membrane with an oligosaccharide attached called?
It is called a glycolipid.
147
What is the state in which no net movement of molecules occurs?
This state is called equilibrium.
148
What do all organisms have in common regarding cell composition?
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
149
What cell type has a nucleoid?
This cell type is a prokaryotic cell.
150
What cell structure has nine microtubule doublets around the circumference and two microtubule singles down the center?
This structure is called a flagellum.
151
What cell type has a plasma membrane?
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane.
152
What cell type lacks a membrane-bound nucleus?
This cell type is a prokaryotic cell.
153
What cell structure has a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubules?
This structure is called a centrosome.
154
What cell type has a cell wall?
This cell type is typically a plant cell or a prokaryotic cell.
155
What process moves molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration?
This process is called diffusion.
156
What is a membrane-bound protein having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids?
This protein is called an phospholipid .
157
What process moves molecules from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration?
This process is called active transport.
158
What is a membrane-bound protein having only hydrophilic amino acids?
This protein is called a peripheral protein.
159
What is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane?
This movement is called osmosis.
