Unit 2 Test

Question 1

Voltaire

Answer 1

Promoted the idea of religious freedom and tolerance

• The idea of the separation of church and state

Question 2

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 2

Wrote of a “social contract” or government based on the general will of the people

• Robespierre’s committee of Public Safety

Question 3

Montesquieu

Answer 3

Describe the ideal separation of powers in government that inspired the form of the US Constitution

• the form of the US government

Question 4

Emilie du Chatalet

Answer 4

French noble woman wrote extensively about mathematics and physics

Question 5

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 5

Wrote that women deserve the same rights as men and that the key to gaining equality and freedom was better education

Question 6

John Locke

Answer 6

English thinker who promoted the idea of natural rights and government responsible for its citizens

Question 7

Adam Smith

Answer 7

Father of economics

Proposed a free market system

Question 8

Cesare Beccaria

Answer 8

Italian reformer of the criminal justice system

Question 9

John Locke wrote that…

Answer 9

If a ruler breaks the contract the people must rebel

Question 10

John Hobbes wrote that…

Answer 10

Humans are selfish and need a strong ruler to whom they owe unbreakable allegiance

Question 11

Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote that…

Answer 11

Wrote a “social contract.” I ruler could act under the laws that were created with the general will of the people

Question 12

How was the middle class exposed to enlightenment

Answer 12

Through newspapers and magazines

Question 13

Denis Diderot

Answer 13

Created the first encyclopedia

Question 14

Count Pierre de Beaumarchais

Answer 14

Wrote a comedy “the marriage of Fígaro”

Question 15

Causes of the French Revolution

Answer 15

• Between the rich and the poor
• Poor harvests and bread prices
• Inept leadership- Louis XVI
• Government debt
• enlightenment ideas
• desire for privileges

Question 16

Meeting of the states General

Answer 16

Purpose was to solve the fiscal crisis

Failed because of the greed of the rich who refused to pay more taxes

Question 17

Jean Paul Marat

Answer 17

• attacked opponents such as the Girondists in his paper, “friend of the people”

Question 18

Who killed Jean Paul Marat

Answer 18

Charlotte Corday

Question 19

Cult of reason

Answer 19

Adopted by the committee of Public Safety as an effort to reduce the influence of the church

Question 20

Napoleon

Answer 20

• born in Corsica
• Led French soldiers to success in fighting Austrians in Italy
• left troops in Egypt to seize power in France

Question 21

Mistakes of Napoleon

Answer 21

1) Continental system of 1806/British blockade
2) Napoleon invaded Spain and replaced the Spanish king with his brother
3) broke peace agreement with Russia

Question 22

First island Napoleon is exiled

Answer 22

Elba

Question 23

Battle of Waterloo

Answer 23

Napoleon try to rebuild his army after escaping Elba

Defeated by British and Prussian forces

Question 24

2nd Island Napoleon was exiled to

Answer 24

St. Helena

Question 25

Treaty of Paris

Answer 25

Signed at the end of the Napoleonic wars Restored the bourbon monarchy Reset France's borders

Question 26

Congress of Vienna

Answer 26

Purpose was to place the rightful monarchs back on their thrones and to redraw the map

Question 27

Klemens de Metternich

Answer 27

Austrian count Played pivotal role at the Congress of Vienna Goal was to restore the balance of power

Question 28

Concert of Europe

Answer 28

Informal organization of the countries of Europe ``` Goals: •to contain France •balance of power •prevent another Napoleon •keep territorial arrangements ```

Question 29

Holy alliance

Answer 29

Coalition of Russia, Prussia and Austria Established by Alexander I

Question 30

Touissaint L'Ouveture

Answer 30

Freed slave Joined Spanish army but switched sides Could find openings in enemy lines

Question 31

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Answer 31

Rekindled the rebellion Led to the independence of Haiti

Question 32

Simon Bolivar

Answer 32

Venezuela Hated Napoleon's betrayal of revolutionary ideals Became president of gran Columbia, Peru, and Bolivia Dreamed of a united Latin America

Question 33

Jose de San Martin

Answer 33

Joined rebels in defeating the colonial rulers of Argentina Led his army over the Andes to free chile Went into self-exile to France

Question 34

Miguel Hidalgo

Answer 34

Parish priest who began The revolution for Mexican independence by ringing the churchbell

Question 35

Santa Anna

Answer 35

Caudillo who was 11 times president of Mexico The war with Anglo – Texans against the Alamo What's the Mexican – American war

Question 36

Maximilian

Answer 36

Austrian Archduke who was placed on the throne as emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III in 1861

Question 37

Benito Juárez

Answer 37

1st Amerindian president of Mexico Initiated La Reforma Supporter fought against Mexican conservatives and a three-year Civil War and later against the French forces supporting Maximilian. Winning both times and assuming presidency

Question 38

La Reforma

Answer 38

Called for land redistribution, separation of church and state, and increased educational opportunities for the poor

Question 39

Battle of atrafagar

Answer 39

Napoleon wanted to invade Britain by sea but was stopped Made Britain a Sea Power