Unit 2 Test

Question 1

What are the parts of the nucleotide building block

Answer 1

The nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), and a phosphate.

Question 2

Base pairing-pyrimidines and purines

Answer 2

Chargaff’s rule: A-T and C-G, Adenine and Guanine are purines, Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines.

Question 3

Parts of the double helix

Answer 3

Deoxyribose and phosphate alternating (in the actual helix).

Question 4

The Polymerase role

Answer 4

Builds the new DNA strand (by reading the parent strand and matching nucleotides).

Question 5

Ligase role

Answer 5

Glues okazaki fragments on the lagging strand together.

Question 6

Helicase role

Answer 6

Unwinds and unzips the double stranded DNA via breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases.

Question 7

Unzipping is when

Answer 7

helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds

Question 8

The Replication fork is

Answer 8

the shape the unzipped DNA makes

Question 9

Copying is

Answer 9

polymerase recognizes the primer in which primase prepares and uses free nucleotides to build the new strand via parent code.

Question 10

Base pairing

Answer 10

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T)… A = T and C = G

Question 11

How many bonds do Cytosine and guanine have?

Answer 11

3 hydrogen bonds

Question 12

How many bonds do Adenine and thymine have?

Answer 12

2 hydrogen bonds

Question 13

What direction is the leading strand made in?

Answer 13

(3’ to 5’) as the moving fork

Question 14

What direction is the lagging strand made in?

Answer 14

(5’ to 3’) in short Okazaki fragments.

Question 15

Okazaki Fragments

Answer 15

Short synthesized DNA sequences that get put together to make the lagging strand of DNA.

Question 16

semi conservative

Answer 16

Two copies of the original DNA molecule are produced. Each copy has one original strand and one newly-synthesized strand, hence semi-conservative.

Question 17

Some facts about DNA

Answer 17

Its sugar is deoxyribose, it has double-stranded molecules, its stores and transfers genetic information, and it has thymine.

Question 18

Some facts about RNA

Answer 18

Its sugar is ribose, it has single-stranded molecules, it codes for amino acids and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins, and it has uracil.

Question 19

Parts of the nucleotide building block

Answer 19

Sugar (ribose), base and phosphate.

Question 20

mRNA

Answer 20

(messenger): encodes amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

Question 21

tRNA

Answer 21

(transfer): brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation.

Question 22

rRNA

Answer 22

(ribosomal): with ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes.

Question 23

Transcription

Answer 23

the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template where the code in the DNA is converted into a complementary RNA code.

Question 24

Translation

Answer 24

the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template where the code in the mRNA is converted into an amino acid sequence in a protein.

Question 25

Ribosomes

Answer 25

are where protein synthesis happens

Question 26

RNA polymerase

Answer 26

builds the new DNA strand

Question 27

Codons

Answer 27

are the three-letter “words” in mRNA

Question 28

Anticodons

Answer 28

are the three unpaired bases on tRNA

Question 29

What are some changes in Chromosomal mutations

Answer 29

Duplication: production of an extra part (or an entire) chromosome. Deletion: loss of a part or all of a chromosome. Inversion: reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome. Translocation: one part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

Question 30

What are some changes in Gene Mutations

Answer 30

Substitution: a single nucleotide is replaced. May result in a single amino acid change. Insertion: a single nucleotide is inserted into the sequence. All amino acids after the mutation may be changed. Deletion: a nucleotide is deleted. All amino acids after the mutation may be changed.

Question 31

Chromosomal mutations

Answer 31

involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

Question 32

Gene mutations

Answer 32

involve changes in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations

Question 33

Recombinant DNA

Answer 33

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

Question 34

Restriction enzymes

Answer 34

enzyme that cuts DNA at a sequence of nucleotides

Question 35

Plasmid

Answer 35

small, circular piece of DNA in the cytoplasm of many bacteria

Question 36

Cloning (including twins)

Answer 36

Member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

Question 37

Transgenic Organisms (GMO’s)

Answer 37

Organisms that contain genes from other organisms

Question 38

Gene therapy

Answer 38

Changing a gene to treat a medical disease/disorder