UNIT 2 TEST REVIEW Flashcards
(67 cards)
Historical Injustices
Chinese workers on the railway and discrimination in Chinese immigration policies
Japanese internment
Persons Case
Indigenous Right to Vote
Expropriation of Africville
Racial segregation in Canada
Residential Schools
Eugenics in Canada
Educational restrictions or quotas facing Jewish people
Denying women the right to vote
C1: Historical and Contemporary Issues
Historical Injustices
Chinese workers on the railway and discrimination in Chinese immigration policies
Japanese internment
Persons Case
Indigenous Right to Vote
Expropriation of Africville
Racial segregation in Canada
Residential Schools
Eugenics in Canada
Educational restrictions or quotas facing Jewish people
Denying women the right to vote
2SLGBTQ+ Rights
Islamophobia
Racial Profiling
Definition
Ontario Human Rights Commission report
Rights of Temporary Foreign Workers
Environmental Justice
Flooding and Landslides
Waste Disposal
Contaminated Drinking Water
Pollution related to Energy
Economics and Globalization
Historical Injustices: Chinese workers on the railway and discrimination in Chinese immigration policies
Discriminatory polcies:
Chiniese Headtax: From 1885, Chinese migrants had to pay a $50 “entry” or “head” tax before being admitted into Canada. Ended in 1923
Chinese exclusion Act: Banned Chinese immirganst from entering Canada from 1923 to 1947
Chinese workers on the railway:
Chinese labour was used to build the railroad, and later to maintain it. Over 17,000 Chinese came to Canada from 1881 through 1884. Several thousand came from the coastal areas of the United States where they helped build the American transcontinental railroad, but the majority arrived directly from southern China. While most of these arrivals worked as labourers on the railroad, exact numbers are unknown.
They encountered a hostile reception in British Columbia. The province already had a sizeable Chinese population following the gold rush in the late 1850s, and racism towards the Chinese was widespread. Newspaper articles and editorial illustrations of the time repeatedly portrayed the Chinese in a degrading way. Many feared that Chinese workers, who were willing to accept lower wages, would take jobs away from white workers. Also, the Chinese culture was abhorrent to white Canadians who did not understand Chinese cultural practices in areas such as dress, living conditions and even funeral rites.
Historical Injustices: Japanese internment:
On January 14, 1942, a 100-mile wide strip along the coast was designated a “protected area” by the federal government and all male Japanese Canadians between the ages of 18 and 45 were to be removed from the area and taken to road camps in the interior
On March 4, 1942, all people of Japanese racial origin were told to leave the protected area. A dusk to dawn curfew was imposed and enforced by police. Most of the Japanese with either naturalized citizens or born in Canada.
Japanese Canadians were told to pack a single suitcase each and taken to holding areas, to wait for trains to take them inland. Vancouver’s Hastings Park was one of areas where families waited, sometimes for months, to be relocated.
Families were seperated and men were forced to work.
The homes, cars, businesses and personal property left behind were sold for a pittance. The lives Japanese Canadians had built in Canada were erased.
After the war, the federal government decided to remove all Japanese Canadians from British Columbia.Public protest would eventually stop the deportations, but not before 4,000 Japanese Canadians left the country. On 1 April 1949, Japanese Canadians regained their freedom to live anywhere in Canada.
Forty-three years after the end of the war, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney acknowledged the wartime wrongs and announced compensation packages including of $21,000 for each individual directly wronged.
Historical Injustices: The Persons Case
Group of 5 women wanted BNA section 24 to include women to allow them to be appointed to Senate. They went to the sumpreme court of Canada which did not come to agreement with there request in 1928. Then the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, in 1929 agreeded to see women as persons.
Historical Injustices: The Indigenous right to vote
In 1867 Indiegnous people could not vote withput losing their status cards. In 1950 Inuit indivudals were able to vote but turuly it was in 1962. Status Indians got the right to vote in 1960’s without losing their Indian Staus Card.
Historical Injustices: Expropriation of Africville
In the 1960s, Halifax’s oldest black neighbourhood became a victim of the times
-Africville was the ramshackle home to some of the descendants of the American slaves who had fled to Canada more than 150 years earlier.
- Africville had poor housing, utility and indivduals were subjected to poor treatment
-Homes had no plumbing nor electricity
-In the 1850s, land near to Africville was expropriated for railway tracks and to create sewage disposal pits. And a century later, city council moved an open dump to the edge of the community.
- It was demolsihed in 1969
The destruction of Africville has become a symbol for Canadians fighting racial discrimination. Halifaxs black community wants the city government to compensate the neighbourhoods former residents.
Historical Injustices: Racial segregation in Canada
there have been many examples of Black people being segregated, excluded from, or denied equal access to opportunities and services such as education, employment, housing, transportation, immigration, health care and commercial establishments
Many Black Canadians were racially segregated in primary schools by the mid-19th century. Ontario and Nova Scotia set up legally segregated schools to keep Black students separate from white students. Black students had to attend different schools or attend at different times
Historically, Black Canadians access to colonial land grants and residential housing was often restricted based on race. For instance, some Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia and Ontario did not receive land grants as promised. Those who did were given smaller allotments located on land that was of poorer quality, and in places physically segregated from white settlers, such as the historically Black communities of North Preston in Nova Scotia and Elm Hill in New Brunswick.
. Black men and women were historically relegated to the service sector – barbers, waiters, janitors, sleeping car porters, general labourers, domestic servants, waitresses, laundresses – regardless of their educational attainment.
Black men have served in militias, the British Army, and in the Canadian military, even when at times they were forced serve in racially segregated units.
There was segregated seating in some performance and movie theatres.
White barbers were known to refuse to cut Black men’s hair.
It was common for restaurants across Canada to deny service to Black people
Black Canadians could not historically access many public recreational facilities.
Racial restrictions in public accommodations extended to some forms of public transportation such as steamboats and stagecoaches.
The turn of the 20th century whites-only immigration policies, practices and restrictions were intended to keep Black and other non-white people out. The federal government mandated racial discrimination with the aim of keeping Canada British and anglophone. Section 38 of the 1910 Immigration Act permitted the government to prohibit the entry of immigrants “belonging to any race deemed unsuited to the climate or requirements of Canada, or of immigrants of any specified class, occupation or character.”
Historical Injustices: Residential Schools
Residental schools started in 1880 and the last oen was closed in 1996.
They had set up a series of residential schools for native children, which in the 1960s were coming under attack by natives for their educational limitations and reports of decades of physical and sexual abuse.
The residential school curriculum dismissed native history and forbade teaching in native languages. In 1966, the high-school drop-out rate among natives was 94 per cent.
- It occured for 160 years
Historical Injustices: Eugenics in Canada
Eugenics is a set of beliefs and practices aimed at improving the human population through controlled breeding. It includes “negative” eugenics (discouraging or limiting the procreation of people considered to have undesirable characteristics and genes) and “positive” eugenics (encouraging the procreation of people considered to have desirable characteristics and genes). Many Canadians supported eugenic policies in the early 20th century, including some medical professionals, politicians and feminists. Both Alberta (1928 Sexual Sterilization Act) and British Columbia (1933 Sexual Sterilization Act.) passed Sexual Sterilization Acts, which were not repealed until the 1970s.
There was scoiably desriable and socially undisarbale traits, they wanted to limit the undisarble traits
Eugenicists believed that the following “undesirable” characteristics were almost exclusively hereditary: intellectual disability, mental illness, alcoholism, poverty, criminality, and various types of “immoral” behaviour, including prostitution.
Even since the repeal of sexual sterilization laws in the early 1970s, Indigenous women have been coerced into sterilization, some of them pressured to sign consent forms for tubal ligation while in labour or on the operating table. According to Dr. Karen Stote, about 1,200 Indigenous women were sterilized in the 1970s alone, about half of them at “Indian hospitals” operated by the federal government between 1971 and 1974.
Historical Injustices: Educational restrictions or quotas facing Jewish people
Many industries did not hire Jews; educational institutions such as universities and professional schools discriminated against them. Jewish doctors could not get hospital appointments. There were no Jewish judges, and Jewish lawyers were excluded from most firms. There were scarcely any Jewish teachers. (See also Jewish School Question.) Jewish nurses, engineers and architects had to hide their identity to find jobs in their fields.
Restrictive covenants on properties often prevented them from being sold to Jews. As well, many clubs, resorts and beaches were barred to Jews.
Historical Injustices: Denying women the right to vote
in 1917 women were nto directly underlined as indivduals who were not able to vote.
On September 20, 1917, Parliament passed the Wartime Elections Act, which removed the right to vote from Canadians born in enemy countries. But it also granted the vote to the wives, mothers and sisters of serving soldiers, as well as women serving in the armed forces.
In spite of the general outcry, the measure became law in September 1917 On December 17th of the same year, some 500,000 Canadian women voted for the first time in the federal elections. Borden’s coalition government swept to victory.
In the spring of 1918, the government decided to extend the right to vote to all Canadian women 21 years old and over.
C1: Historical and Contemporary Issues: 2SLGBTQ+ Rights
2SLGBTQ+ Rights have been ever changing in Canada
1970’s:
The modern gay liberation movement in North America began in the summer of 1969 with New York City’s unprecedented Stonewall Riots, The NYPD had attempted a raid on a popular gay bar in the heart of Greenwich Village that night, but the bar’s patrons fought back forcefully
In August 1971, the first protests for gay rights took place with small demonstrations in Ottawa and Vancouver demanding an end to all forms of state discrimination against gays and lesbians. One year later, Toronto held its first Pride celebration
The late 1970s also saw two major legislative changes. In 1977, Quebec amended its Human Rights Code to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. That same year, the Canadian Immigration Act was also amended, lifting a ban prohibiting gay men from immigrating.
1980s:
1981, Toronto police arrested almost 300 men in raids on four bathhouses. The following day, a crowd of 3,000 people took to the streets and marched on 52 Division police precinct and Queen’s Park, smashing car windows and setting fires en route
The 1981 raids led to the establishment of Lesbian and Gay Pride Day in Toronto,
Ontario added sexual orientation to its Human Rights Code in 1986, and Manitoba and the Yukon followed suit the following year. It was not until 1998, however, that the definitive word on provincial human rights was written. In that year, the Supreme Court ruled that Alberta’s human rights legislation must be considered to cover sexual orientation. The ruling came in the case of Delwin Vriend, a teacher fired for being gay.
HIV/AIDS Crisis:
The 1980s also saw the emergence of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Canada, which would have a devastating impact on the gay community.
he Red Cross, which then ran Canada’s blood donor system, instituted a rule that any man who had had sex even once with another man since 1977 could not donate blood. Rule remained in effect until 2013, when it was amended so that men could donate if they hadn’t had sex with another man for five years. In 2016, Canadian Blood Services, which now runs the blood donor system, reduced the ineligibility period from five years to one year.
Gay men felt like their health was being ignored in Canada and teh community took it into their own hands, starting protests.
The 1990s and 2000s
-1992 federal court ruling that lifted the ban on gays and lesbians in the military
-a 1994 Supreme Court ruling that gays and lesbians could apply for refugee status on the basis of facing persecution in their countries of origin
-1995 ruling in Ontario that allowed same-sex couples to adopt.
-1995, the Supreme Court ruled that Section 15 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees the “right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination,” included sexual orientation as a prohibited basis of discrimination.
-n 2002, the Ontario Superior Court ruled that prohibiting same-sex marriage was a violation of Charter rights
The 2010s and Beyond
-In the 2010s, many of the issues facing the 2SLGBTQ+ community revolved around youth and transgender people, with protection from bullying and gender identity becoming major causes.
- laws in Ontario and Manitoba — passed in 2012 and 2013, respectively — require that all publicly-funded schools, including religious ones, accept student-organized gay-straight alliances.
-In December 2021, members from the House of Commons voted unanimously to ban conversion therapies.
C1: Historical and Contemporary Issues: Islamophobia
Islamophobia: Islamophobia and anti-Muslim hate can be defined as systematic hostility toward people who are or appear to be Muslim, or toward the religion of Islam.
Notable events:
Two most violent attacks against muslim individuals were:
Quebec mosque shooting in 2017 of January where six were killed and many others were injured
An attack against a muslim family in London in june of 2021 where four died and one was injured
Statistics:
-Most of Canada’s islamic population lives in Ontario or quebec
48% of quebecers viewed islam poorly and the figure for this statistic in Ontario is 22%
Women tend to face the most violence and aggression for wearing veils and hijabs
Employment:
A study conducted by the Environment Institute in 2016 presented one third of the muslim community in all of Canada have been subjected to discrimination during the preceding 5 years
C1: Historical and Contemporary Issues: Racial Profiling–> Definition
Racial profiling is an insidious and particularly damaging type of racial discrimination that relates to notions of safety and security. Racial profiling violates people’s rights under the Ontario Human Rights Code (Code). People from many different communities experience racial profiling. However, it is often directed at Indigenous peoples, Muslims, Arabs, West Asians and Black people, and is often influenced by the distinctly negative stereotypes that people in these communities face.
C1: Historical and Contemporary Issues: Racial Profiling–> Ontario Human Rights Commission report
They have released a year long inquiry tin 2003 to display the impacts of racial profiling which entail first hand narratives
Partnered up with law enforcement to help with training to lower racial profiling
C1: Historical and Contemporary Issues: Rights of Temporary Foreign Workers:
Who are these workers?:
They are usually of mexican or jamaican descent
Biggest compliants from workers:
housing, not being provided healthcare, improper employee treatment, extreme isolation and high degree of employer control.
Why is it difficult or impossible to make an alteration to the structure of the program?
It is difficult to make alterations to the structure of the program because of the immigration status. Workers are tied to a single employer who exploits the workers, pays less than minimum wage and facilitates employer control.
What is the new provision that the federal government will implement to change how the program works? How will it help?
implement a new provision that will allow workers to be given open work permits who can document abuse which allows them to leave their employer without losing the right to work in Canada.
some challenges Mexican migrant workers face with the application process?
In order to apply for the permit they must file an application online which is only in English or French and almost all migrant workers from Mexico do not speak English.
Why are they vunerable?:
vulnerable as they can constantly be threatened which can make them live in fear of never being able to work in Canada again or make money. These workers are baited and often manipulated by employers to do extra work with promises of rewards only to fall victim to inadequate work conditions and employer treatment.
C1: Historical and Contemporary Issues: Environmental Justice
Girls for the Future:
The purpose is to invest in our futures together and follows four girls from ages 11 to 14 in Indonesia, Australia, India and Senegal. They are partnering up with NGO’s in each girl’s country to work for change.
Sabyah in Austrila:
- fighting towards limiting the coal industry. In her country people do not believe in climate change. She speaks about the destruction of the Great Barrier Reef.
Nina from Indonesia’s issue:
Her country has become a dumping ground for many countries in Europe and even for Canada.
To raise awareness she is picking up garbage all around the world and making a garbage exhibition at her school.
Gagan from India’s goal:
There were burning paddy fields in India, farmers have been burning their fields to get rid of paddy fields . Her goal is to put all those farmers behind bars.
-She is doing a light march in her community to make sure farmers think of the children they are affecting.
Fatou from Senegal’s goal:
-Her goal is sustainable access to water.
-She is not pursuing her goal of being a doctor and is instead speaking about and raising awareness regarding the issue.
C1: Historical and Contemporary Issues: Economics and Globalization (FIX THIS)
Globalization: Globalization describes the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. Countries have built economic partnerships to facilitate these movements over many centuries.
Describe the maquiladora:
The maquiladora is a foreign run manufactoring plan in Mexican border cities.
Who benefits from the maquiladora?
The individuals who benefit from the maquiladora are the U.S government as they are getting what they want which is to limit Mexicans migrating to the states.
Describe the negative impacts of the maquiladora?
It is treating migration as if it is a national security problem
They provide law wages and poor conditions for workers
How do anti-migrant policies and the militarization of the U.S.-Mexico border play a role in the maquiladora manufacturing sector?
How anti-migration policies and the militarization of the US- Mexico border play a role in the maquiladora manufacturing section is that it is integral to maintaining low wages for labour. It’s also turned the border and nearby cities in waiting rooms
Why was the maquiladora manufacturing sector originally created?
The center is one of the many that will be opened along the line of the Northern Mexican border for families that the US had sent back to Mexico to seek asylum
C2: Leadership:
The Underground Railroad
Achievements of Individuals and Agents of Change
Definitions
David Suzuki
Hodan Nalayeh
Ryan Hreljac
Naomi Klien
Maud Barlow
Mary Harris “Mother” Jones
Rosa Parks
Jean Vanier
Jeannette Corbiere Lavell
Abbott Howard Hoffman
Nelson Mandela
Shirin Ebadi
Vandana Shiva
Wangari Maathai
Viola Desmond
C2: Leadership: The Underground Railroad
What was the Underground Railroad? How is it related to social justice and equity?
The underground railroad is what was used by enslaved people who were trying to flee and make it to Canada. It is related to social justice and equity as it relates back to the issue of slavery and those who were trying to get freedom
What was Cataract House Hotel? When was it in operation?
The Cataract Hosue Hotel was a major stop on the undergroundrail railroad located in Niagra Falls. It was an active location that was consistently helpign enslaved people get away . It was established in 1825.
Who was John Morrison? How did he contribute to the Underground Railroad?
He was the head waiter at the hotel and he hired the wait staff. He trained them and he helped his staff operate as secret agents of the udnergound railroad ensuring people made it to Canada safely
What strategies did John Morrison and the other hotel staff use to help enslaved people during this time period?
-They allowed enslaved workers to work as servants at the restaurant and they protected them even if it meant getting caught
-They worked as individuals who helped people who were going through the undergroud railroad and worked as secret agents
Achievements of Individuals and Agents of Change
Definitions
David Suzuki
Hodan Nalayeh
Ryan Hreljac
Naomi Klien
Maud Barlow
Mary Harris “Mother” Jones
Rosa Parks
Jean Vanier
Jeannette Corbiere Lavell
Abbott Howard Hoffman
Nelson Mandela
Shirin Ebadi
Vandana Shiva
Wangari Maathai
Viola Desmond
Definition: Agent of Change
A person or group who works on a change. A social justice change agent chooses courage over fear.
- They know they can’t look around, hoping someone else will lead the change.
- They refuse to stand by and watch as the people they cherish are excluded and even harmed.
- They raise issues. They motivate. They stand up and stand out.
- They speak their truth to power to create greater inclusion and equity in the workplace and beyond.
- They ask questions to help the organization live up to its stated mission, vision and values.
David Suzuki
What were the major achievements of your assigned person?
- a Canadian academic, science broadcaster, and environmental activist. Suzuki earned a PhD in zoology from the University of Chicago in 1961, and was a professor in the genetics department at the University of British Columbia from 1963
-He is widely recognized as a world leader in sustainable ecology
- he has been a steadfast ally to Indigenous communities, modeled solidarity through his advocacy for the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and formed partnerships through shared insights of science and traditional knowledge.
What impact did their work have? How effective was their work?
-Toward the end of the 20th century, Suzuki became one of the first major voices to call for action in the fight against global warming, and in the early 21st century he slowed down his touring and speaking efforts because of concerns about greenhouse gas emissions from frequent air and car travel.
What skills and personal qualities are reflected in your person’s accomplishments?
- He has skills and personal quailites of empathy, compassion, understanding and paitences
