Unit 2 Test (Sofia Notes) Flashcards
(62 cards)
1
Q
Human dignity
A
- who we are independent of how we behave
- Catholic view: we are made in the likeness of God so we all deserve a basic level of respect
- I.e Preferential option for the poor (social, wealth, health, spirit)(vulnerable)
2
Q
Dignified
A
Viewed as prestigious/honourable but in reality is being worthy of respect
3
Q
Love
A
- a choice, independent of feeling
- Tested by if we uphold our principles towards the people we don’t like/when we don’t feel like it
4
Q
Prayer
A
- Present in all faith traditions i.e meditation/setting an intention, individual and in groups
- All have a desire/petition greater than ourselves
- Taps into a power that resides in us and outside of ourselves
5
Q
Morals
A
- moralitas, latin for customs/manners→ actions that reflect our ethics/the ways to attain goodness
6
Q
Ethics
A
- ta ethika, greek for good character→ our beliefs of right and wrong/what good people do
7
Q
Aristotle
A
- Student of Plato, teacher of logic/astronomy/philosophy
- Believed Plato focused to much on ethics over morals
- Explored the natural world within philosophy
- Accused of not respecting the Gods and fled, was rediscovered by Thomas Aquinas
8
Q
Aristotle’s beliefs about Essence/Happiness
A
- Everything had a unique essence
- Human essence= reason (knowledge) and love (compassion= to suffer with)
- Every human has the goal of being happy
- Temporary sources of happiness are pleasures (career/stuff etc.)
- Permanent happiness comes from knowledge/compassion
- Other people are necessary for us to be good to ourselves
9
Q
Aristotles Beliefs in Habit
A
- Intention < action
- You are what you repeatedly do/creatures of habit
- We act according to our habits in moral stress
- Every habit began with a choice
- Habit in extreme is an addiction (dehumanizing)
10
Q
Aristotle Theories (3)
A
- Polis: democratic idea that we have a right/responsibility to our community
- Teleology: to act ethically is to engage our capacity to reason as we develop good character
- Doctrine of the Mean: Belief that the good lies in the middle ground (between pleasure and happiness)
11
Q
What did Christianity turn into?
A
- Eastern Orthodox and Western Roman Catholic
- Both were in excommunication
12
Q
What did Western Roman Catholic Turn into after the Protestant Reformation?
A
Roman Catholic and Protestants
13
Q
Types of Protestant
A
- Presbyterian
- Anglcan
- Lutheran
- Baptist
14
Q
Puritan Sects: Mormon, Quakers, Amish
CALLED DUALISM
A
- Obedience to God
- Happiness is in Heaven
- Earth should be hard
- Distrustful of technology
- Dualistic (earth/body & soul/God)
- earth=domain of the devil
15
Q
Kant
A
- Raised in Puritism/ tries to walk the line between Philosophy and his religion
- Seeked to determine the criteria for what is good
16
Q
Kant Believed…
A
- The only pure good human thing is intention
- Our actions are slightly less pure than our intentions
- Intention is not pure if we do not act on our good intentions
- We must be good outside of out comfort zone to be good people (not exercise moral laziness)
- If we can conceive something, it must exist somewhere (God)
17
Q
Kant’s Ethics (3)
A
- God: we cannot achieve supreme good without God (perfection)
- Freedom: we have to do what we can do, to have duty we must have a choice
- Immortality: there is a life beyond where we can achieve supreme good
18
Q
Teleological
A
Aristotle’s ethics→ setting a goal then planning how to get there
19
Q
Deontological
A
Kant’s ethics→ we have duties and obligations in our roles as people that we must withhold to a slightly uncomfortable degree
20
Q
Maxims (Kant)
A
- principles that are objective and indefinite
1. Never act in such a way that you would not want to become universal law
2. Treat others always as an end and never as a means (except for services as there is a mutual intention)
21
Q
Levinas
A
- Not religious for most of his life
- Became religious post WWII after surviving the holocaust/war camp
- Believed categories dehumanized people
22
Q
Ethics of the eye/face
Believed:
A
- The only thing we know about another person is that they are not us
- Other→ superior to self, does for me what I cannot do for myself
- Uniqueness can be found in the eye (the only body part that could not be manipulated)
- When we look into the eyes of another, we see their plea, not to hurt them/love them and if were good people the only response is to love them back
23
Q
Levinas Believes
A
- We all have a piece of the divine in us
- Our unique humanity is our divinity
- We cannot see our divinity
- Singularity of things vs Aristotle who believed in sameness
24
Q
Agency
A
ability to foresee the consequence of an action and be held accountable for those consequences
25
Who are examples of Nonagents
* Children
* Mental Incapacity
* Disabilities
26
Agent
a person who acts freely and knowingly, who chooses to do or not do something and who is accountable
27
Human Actions
* make us human
* give us our identity, constructed by what we think/say/do as well as by what we undergo
* most important building blocks of who we are and become
* actions are dependent on the actor
* for every action there is an agent
28
Freedom
* human potential, the capacity/power to act
* action is the realization of that power
* when one uses their freedoms they can create change/intervention
29
Analytic Philosophy
* examines the language we use to communicate our actions and explores what constitutes a meaningful action
* 1920’s, logical positivists
* believed physics was the only real science
* Believed only things that could be proved through senses were true
* Didn’t understand free will because it could not be seen
30
Paul Ricoeur
* 1913, raised in a socialist, devout Christian Reform home
* Philosopher teacher, French veteran, prolific writer
* The war led him to become a Pacifist and join a Christian socialist community
* Wrote about peace/violence/power/communism/human rights and politics
* Wrote Freedom and nature that reflects on how humans make decisions and how actions affect the self
* Other book themes= language and impact of humans
31
Who? The Agent
* The agent makes an action
* Each person has the capacity to act
* Humans have intention in doing things (intending self)
* When you act, you will do this rather do ____ than all your other options
* Free choice: you are responsible for what you do and what you intend
* By intending to do certain things, you also reshape who you are.
32
Why? The motive
* Reason for action
* Every action is motivated by something
* Motives justify actions, can be underlying and unconscious when making a decision
* Ethics are the values behind our motives
33
How? With What means
* How you carry out an action indicates something about you
* Bad actions done with good intentions affect the goodness of the action overall
* The end does not justify the mean, the means qualify the action
34
Under what circumstances?
* Circumstances have an impact on your actions
* Every action has its aggravating or miti-gating circumstances.
* Circumstances affect how much the action is yours
* May reduce, or increase, your responsibility
* Circumstances must always be accounted for in evaluating actions.
35
With What Outcome?
The outcome of your actions affect the self whether intended or not
36
With or against whom
* When you justify your actions with a motive, you seek the approval, or seek to prevent the disapproval, of someone.
* You learn to evaluate your actions by evaluating the actions of others.
* Every action is also an interaction.
37
Naturalism: belief that…
* freedom is an illusion
* decisions are natural choices based on our genetic makeup and in alignment with hox genes
38
Social Determinism
* No freedom
* Actions are a result of upbringing
39
Religious Determinism
* We act how God made us
* No free will → predeterminism
40
Hox genes
genes identical across species, requires promoters that turn on the gene or not
41
Predestination
no control over going to heaven/hell/other
42
Providence
* God gives us strengths/weaknesses, talents/challenges (gifts to guide us) and with that paths that will make us more or less happy
* We have the choice to follow or not follow, but God will nudge us towards the happy path
* If we go against the path we will experience consequences but not judgements of being out of alignment
43
Narcissism
* Trait where one is self-focused
* Peaks in adolescence
* Believed to be an evolutionary strategy to secure partners
* In extreme cases, relates to machiavellianism/psychopathy
* Could be a result of rejection/inconsistency in childhood
44
Narcissist traits
* Attractive, exciting & entertaining
* High self-esteem/entitlement/vanity
* Manipulative/aggressive
45
Narcisistic Behaviours
* Crave attention (i.e reality tv, bragging) and power (relationship dynamics *more likely to cheat if they know there partner is invested)
* Cursing/arguing
* Searching for a better deal
* Go between social contexts and maintain weak ties to others
46
Narcissistic Men
* Attract dramatic women and women with saviour complexes
* Place emphasis on the looks of their partner
* Seek out wingmen
47
Narcissistic Woman
* Dress provocatively
* Seeks higher-status male friends
* Both male/female relationships with narcissist frustrate partners but more men seek out short relationships (don’t care as much)
48
Paradoxes - Narcisists
1. They are insulted when told they aren’t brilliant but don’t care if their called jerks
2. The more entitled and exploitative the narcissist, the more popular he/she is (able to exploit to seem fun-loving)
3. Devalue others while needing their admiration
4. Narcissists know that others find them obnoxious but don’t care
49
5 signs of a narcissist
1. Bragging about a perfect family
2. Hyper Generosity to the public
3. Hypersensitivity/insecure
4. Prone to negative emotions (depression/anxiety)
5. Puts down others
50
Are you in love with a narcissist:
* Slow down
* Observe a variety of settings
* Consider the venue (clubs)
* Examine yourself
* Get out
* Take control
51
Optimistic Behaviour (not narcissistic)
acknowledge a negative consequence but don’t believe it can happen to you
52
Jean Twenge on Narcissism
* Materialism
* Interest in fame
* Inflated expectations
* Hookups vs relationships
* Gambling
* Cheating
53
6 Aspects of the Human Person Necessary for Ethics:
Number 1
**The importance of others**
* We are not isolated in decision making
* What is good for you must be good for others
54
Nunber 2
**The importance of having a direction in life**
* You need a direction in order to know how to get there
* Otherwise life just happens and you react
55
Number 3
**The importance of communication and language**
* Language gives meaning that can be allows us to communicate
* Sometimes meaning is debated
* Includes body language
56
Number 4
**The importance of character and one's body**
* Small choices add up to our character
* Influence how we act in big moral moments
* Who we are is a part of our physical self
57
Number 5
**The importance of conscience**
* The voice of God/Love in each of us
* All humans have dignity and conscience (made in the image of God)
* Conscience tells us to be the most loving (not easy)
* Other voices can influence for or against conscience
* Our concise must be the final moral guide in decisions
* Superego/Gut reaction are not conscience and weaponize guilt
* Superego: backward thinking, Conscience: forward thinking
58
Making Moral Decisions
1. **Capacity:** There is a better/worse choice in moral decisions
1. **Process:** We are called to have an informed conscience (involves research, listening to others/God)
1. **Judgement:** making a choice
59
Importance of developing our conscience
* Conscience is perfect, our ability to hear it is not
* This ability gets better as we mature, and experience difference
* Praying (listening) can help develop conscience
60
Psychological Boundaries
* Honouring our own needs (Ex. limiting exposure to ____ because it is uncomfortable/unsafe)
* As we mature, we will get better at setting boundaries
* Setting boundaries allows us to be happier and hear our conscience better (requires honesty)
61
A Sibling’s View by Barbara Hungerford
* You do not get to decide whether someone in a marginalized group should be offended when not part of that group
* Your interpretation of a words meaning is irrelevant is that word is hurtful to others
62
Reappropriation
A marginalized group who has been a victim of a term readopts the word for themselves to rob it of its power. (Includes non-verbal communication)
