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USAHS Domain of Occupational Therapy > Unit 2: The History and Philosophy of OT > Flashcards

Unit 2: The History and Philosophy of OT Flashcards

1
Q

1700’s-1800’s

A
  • A period of social consciousness
  • Founding of welfare organizations
  • Concept of Moral Treatment (Philippe Pinel and William Tuke)
  • First emergence of what will become OT
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2
Q

Early 1900’s

A
  • The Industrial Revolution
  • Arts and Crafts Movement: Ruskin and Morris. Belief that using ones hand to make things connected people to their work and made them healthier, both physically and mentally
  • Awareness of those with ‘handicaps’ as still being productive members of society
  • Development of the formal profession of OT
  • Herbert Hall: Not an original founder, but his work made him recognized as an important figure in the development of the profession
  • Founders: George Edward Barton, William Rush Dunton Jr, Eleanor Clarke Slagne, Susan Tracy, Susan Cox Johnson, Isabel Newton (secretary), Thomas Kidner
  • Original Name: National Society for the Promotion of OT
  • Philosophical Base: Holistic Approach
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3
Q

World War I-1930’s

A
  • Reconstruction aides to help rehabilitate soldiers. OT aides used arts and crafts
  • Major boom in training schools for reconstruction aides
  • Two major legislative pieces: Soldiers Rehabilitation Act and Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act
  • Emergence of tuberculosis sanatoriums which employed OT’s across the country
  • Name change to American Occupational Therapy Association
  • Standards set for OT education/training
  • Growing relationship between the medical field and OT
  • The Great Depression decreased rehabilitation and OT progress
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4
Q

World War II and Post World War II (1940-1960’s)

A
  • Renewed demand for OT’s
  • Beginning of examinations to become OT’s
  • Shift towards specialization in physical rehabilitation
  • Deinstitutionalization and Development of Medicare
  • Development of new technologies (splinting, wheelchairs, prosthetics)
  • Rehabilitation Movement: A rapid increase in VA hospitals; new treatments were keeping people alive and living with disabilities
  • American Occupational Therapy Foundation Began
  • Service shifts from arts and crafts to more technical focus; integration of modalities; Focus on medical and scientific approach
  • Development of the occupational therapy assistant
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5
Q

1970’s-1980’s

A
  • Introduction to personal computers, increase in substance abuse, and appearance of aids
  • Failure of deinstitutionalization to provide for people once they were released from hospitals to the community, leading to a rise in homelessness
  • Important Legislation: Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Education for All Handicapped Children Act, Handicapped Infants and Toddlers Act, Technology Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act
  • Development of the Prospective Payment System(PPS)= Decrease in hospital length of stay and increase in long term care facilities and home health services
  • Push to return to occupation (Gary Kielhofner-MOHO)
  • Development of State Licensure Requirements
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6
Q

1990’s to Now

A

The Information Age: Increase in the number of people over age 65, increase in number of people living with disabilities, decrease in ability for individuals to afford healthcare

  • Significant Legislation: Americans with Disabilities Act, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Balanced Budget Act
  • Requirements by state for continuing education to maintain licensure
  • Development of masters requirement (and soon to be doctorate)
  • Focus on occupation-based, evidence-based treatment
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7
Q

Shellshock

A

The signature injury of the First World War left soldiers in a panicked state of nervousness and mental shock. Impaired ability to reason, sleep, walk or talk

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8
Q

1917

A

The US war department appointed “reconstruction aids” these were civilian women who served in military hospitals at home and abroad. Women provided treatments to help reconstruct disabled soldiers

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9
Q

Leena Hitchcock

A

Was among the first OT reconstruction aids to arrive in France in summer 1917 (officer told them they were prob not wanted even tho they were sent by gov)

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10
Q

What were first OT reconstruction aids called and why?

A

Called Blue Birds because of uniforms being hideous and blue (designed by someone in Sargent generals office to make them as unattractive as possible bc that was safer for the)

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11
Q

What were first OT reconstruction aids backgrounds?

A

Teachers, secretaries, and artists.

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12
Q

Who did first OT reconstruction aids work with?

A

Worked alongside nurses teaching handcrafts and vocational skills to distract the injured, increase physical activity, and improve moral.

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13
Q

Throughout the 19th century, the influence of the moral treatment and arts and crafts movement…

A

Inspired physicians, nurses, and social workers to use occupation based activities to engage the mind and hands of patients

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14
Q

Dr. Herbert Hall

A

At his workshop for nervous invalids, in Marble Head Massachusetts he prescribed occupation according to his work curatheory of using arts and crafts to promote self esteem, employment potential, and better health.

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15
Q

Susan Tracy

A

Boston nurse. Began noticing the benefits of occupation for relieving nervous tension and making bed rest more tolerable for patients. At the Adams Nervine Assylum she offered the first training courses for occupational nursing.

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16
Q

William Rush Dunton

A

At the Shepard and Enoch Pratt hospital in Towsend Maryland, Psychiatrist became intrigued by healing of his patients through purposeful activities (embracing OT)

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17
Q

1914

A

Officially Named “Occupational Therapy”

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18
Q

George Edward Barton

A

After spending more than a year in Clifton Springs Sanitarium, and knowing his health would not allow him to return to architecture, he opened “Consolation house” in Clifton Springs NY to rehabilitate himself and others

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19
Q

When and where was the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy founded?

A

On March 15, 1917, at the”Consolation House” Brought together 5 additional distinctive founding members to promote this new profession (Barton: President, his assistant and first wife, Isabel Newton: Secretary, Dr. William Rush Dunton: member, Susan Cox Johnson: member, Thomas B. Kidner, Eleanor Clarke Slagle: VP)

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20
Q

Susan Cox Johnson

A

Designer and arts and crafts teacher; Known for her work at the Blackwell’s Island Hospital in Manhattan and as director of the occupation committee for the NY state department of public Charitys. Went on to teach OT at Columbia University advocating for using craft to redirect thoughts, strengthen bodies, and regain confidence.

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21
Q

Thomas B. Kidner

A

Vocational secretary of the Canadian military hospitals commission, developed a program to engage bed risen soldiers recovering from wartime injuries and tuberculosis in occupations with the ultimate goal of returning to productive work (work caught the eye of Eleanor Clarke Slagle).

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22
Q

Eleanor Clarke Slagle

A

An important figure in the professional development of OT. Worked with famous Hall house reformers, directed the OT department at the Fibs psychiatric clinic at Johns Hopkins hospital, and from 1915-1920 she organized and directed the Henry B Favill school of OT (first professional school for OT’s) First. VP and served in every position and longer than anyone else

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23
Q

1918

A

Government stated that “Occupational therapy is the science of healing by occupation”
-This year OT schools opened in Milwaukee WI, Boston MA, Philadelphia PA, and St. Louis MO (first step to making women educated in this field)

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24
Q

Adolf Meyer

A

Psychiatrist and chief at John Hopkins hospital and new Slagle from her time there incorporated community based opportunities and services to develop peoples everyday living skills

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25
Q

After Great War ended in 1918…

A

The sweeping popularity of reconstruction aids, secured a permanent spot for rehabilitation workers within American medicine

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26
Q

Ora Ruggels

A

Reconstruction aid, arrived at Fort Mc.Pherson in Atlanta, GA when some 5,000 war amputees were hospitalized. Wanted to teach them occupations that would take their minds off of their problems and have their heart heal

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27
Q

Roaring 20’s

A

The jazz age, an era energized with economic prosperity, modern technology, and political equality for women. The organization had 190 members and held annual conference in historic PA

28
Q

1922

A

Eleanor Clarke Slagle moved the organization into its first official headquarters in Manhattan, for the next 50 years it moved in and out of various NYC offices
-Organization published first professional journal “Archives of OT” edited by Dunton new journal organized the professions growing body of literature into one profession. Later, the journal was renamed “OT and rehabilitation” and was a member benefit

29
Q

1923

A

The National Society for the Promotion of OT finalized its new name, “The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.” (Eleanor Clarke Slage was first executive director)

30
Q

1929

A

Stock Market crashed, sending the country into the Great Depression through the 1930’s. During this challenging era, AOTA continued to advance the professions status

31
Q

1933

A

The AOTA affiliated with The American Medical Association Council on Medical Education and Hospitals in order to accredit OT programs (relationship that spanned next 60 years)

32
Q

1935

A

AOTA and American Medical Association adopted the essentials of an acceptable school for OT which have evolved into the standards for today

33
Q

AOTA Annual Conference were often in conjunction with…

A

The American Hospital Association which increased the professions visibility and also closely linked it with physicians and hospital leaders

34
Q

AOTA conference in 1937

A

Held in Atlantic City, a special celebration dinner was held in honor of Slagle who retired, passing torch to next generation after two decades of serving the Association

35
Q

1942

A

President Roosevelt called on everyone to do their part as US enters WW2, including OT’s

36
Q

The next milestone for OT was in conjunction with WW2 when…

A

Tremendous expansion of military hospitals to serve the war wounded, opened up OT programs for a broad range of orthopedic and disabling conditions, also practiced in psychiatry. Need for OT’s and training them increased (12 month long war emergency courses were introduced)

37
Q

Winifred Caymen

A

Chief of Sargent Generals OT branch, led the army to raise OT to a professional classification, an important step to recognition and respect

38
Q

1944

A

Women army Corp implemented the OT training courses. Assigned to army hospitals where they assumed responsibility to recreation and leisure based programs

39
Q

By the end of the war in 1945,

A

899 OT’s and apprentices and 278 OTA’s were working in 76 army hospitals across the country

40
Q

Winnie Caymen

A

In 1947, she became the first OT elected as AOTA president. Under her leadership, AOTA launched the American Journal of OT, Charlotte Bone was first editor

41
Q

1947

A

Helen Willard and Clare Spackman, instructors at PA school released their first text book “Principles of OT” (now on its 12 edition and is a foundational resource for students and clinicians

42
Q

1950’s and 60’s

A

Were a time of economic expansion, new tech, and wide spread social reforms. Families settled into suburbs and turned on their tv’s. During this new rehabilitation era, OT’s were working in VA hospitals around the country. Still under a physician but OT became more technical

43
Q

1950’s and 60’s

A

Were a time of economic expansion, new tech, and wide spread social reforms. Families settled into suburbs and turned on their tv’s. During this new rehabilitation era, OT’s were working in VA hospitals around the country. Still under a physician but OT became more technical

44
Q

1952

A

57,000 cases of polio were recorded in the US. To address polio crisis, OT’s started working with children with polio and crebral palsy

45
Q

At the same time OT was aligning more closely with the role of medicine, science and vocational rehabilitation…

A

AOTA. was working on new ways of enhancing the profession and its members

46
Q

Eva Otto Munzesheimer

A

First recipient of the AOTA Award of Merit 1950 for her distinguished service to the association (still given out today to those who make great. contributions to profession)

47
Q

Florence Stattel

A

First recipient of the Eleanor Clarke Slagle Award in 1955 the profession highest scholarly honor, her lecture on “Equipment Designed for OT” featured analysis on how the bilateral tilt table facilitated specific movement patterns and motivated the patient to reach goals

48
Q

Medical Advisory Committee

A

Formed by AOTA to provide a medical perspective to the association

49
Q

WFOT

A

AOTA was working on global issues becoming one of the 10 founding members of WFOT (World Federation of OT’s) Willard and Spackman were instrumental to its early years

50
Q

1958

A

AOTA adopted education standards for certified OTA’s started with psychiatry and by 1960, they were working in general practice

51
Q

1960

A

OT practice moved away from medical model to focus on psychological and social aspects of treatment and the need for quality health care

52
Q

Fred Sammins

A

Entrepreneur and founder of the Sammons Preston company (built devices for individuals with disabilities)

53
Q

Mary Reilly

A

Founder of “Occupational Behavior” frame of reference. Received Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lecture award in 1961

53
Q

Mary Reilly

A

Founder of “Occupational Behavior” frame of reference. Received Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lecture award in 1961

54
Q

1963

A

This years community mental health act, stated major transformation of public care system from large institutions to community based care

55
Q

Lorna Jean King, Gail Fidler, and Anne Cronin

A

Forged new paths for what would become mental health OT

56
Q

Wilma “willie” West

A

Knew OT needed to change with the times, in her 1967 slagle lecture, she explained that OT looks at more than physical abilities

56
Q

Wilma “willie” West

A

Knew OT needed to change with the times, in her 1967 slagle lecture, she explained that OT looks at more than physical abilities

57
Q

1965

A

Medicare and medicaid established programs that have expanded for decades to cover OT

58
Q

in the 60’s

A

AOTA started a policy and advocacy mission to advance members interests in D.C. and state capitals throughout the nation and AOTF was chartered

59
Q

A. Jean Eyers

A

Pioneered a theory she called sensory integration. Nobody at that time thought nervous system had that much to do with body

60
Q

Lela A. Lorens

A

1969 became the first person of color to be awarded the Slagle Lecture

61
Q

By the 1980’s…

A

From hippies to yuppies, young urban professionals were on the rise

61
Q

By the 1980’s…

A

From hippies to yuppies, young urban professionals were on the rise

62
Q

The prosperous 90’s…

A

Led to a technology revolution that would connect the world through computers

63
Q

1970’s-1990’s

A

OT embraces holistic routes and moved from hospital to community and focused on quality of life and optimal function which emerged new practice areas such as prevention and wellness, ergonomics and work programs, assistive technology, and meeting needs of aging population

64
Q

1972

A

After 50 years in NYC, AOTA president Florence Cromwell moved headquarters to Maryland to be closer congress and national institutes of health

USAHS Domain of Occupational Therapy (4 decks)

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