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AP Human Geography > Unit 2 vocab > Flashcards

Unit 2 vocab Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

The development of farming, also known as the Neolithic Revolution

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2
Q

Arithmetic density

A

The total number of people divided by the total land area

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3
Q

Census

A

A complete enumeration of a population

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4
Q

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

A

The number of live births in a year per 1,000 people alive in a society

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5
Q

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

A

The number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people alive in a society

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6
Q

Demographic Transition

A

the process of change in a society’s population as a combination of medical advances and economic development

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7
Q

Demography

A

the scientific study of population characteristics

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8
Q

dependency ratio

A

the number of people under 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people in the workforce

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9
Q

doubling time

A

the number of years it takes for an area’s population to double

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10
Q

ecumene

A

the portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

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11
Q

epidemiological transition

A

the distinctive cause of death in each demographic transition

explains how countries’ populations change

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12
Q

infant mortality rate

A

the total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a society

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13
Q

life expectancy

A

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live given current social, medical, and economic conditions

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14
Q

medical revolution

A

medical technology from Europe and North America that was used to eliminate many diseases in the developing world

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15
Q

megalopolis

A

term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world

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16
Q

natural increase rate (NIR)

A

the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate (NIR=CBR-CDR)

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17
Q

overpopulation

A

when there are too many people living in a certain area

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18
Q

physiological density

A

number of people per unit of arable land

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19
Q

population composition

A

Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education

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19
Q

population density

A

measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

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20
Q

population distribution

A

description of locations on Earth’s surface where populations live

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21
Q

sex ratio

A

ratio of men to women

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22
Q

standard of living

A

quality of life based on access to necessities and luxuries

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23
Q

total fertility rate (TFR)

A

average number of children a woman will have in her childbearing years

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24
zero population growth (ZPG)
a decline in the TFR to the point where the NIR=zero
25
agricultural density
ratio of number of farmers to total amount of arable land
26
major population clusters—East Asia
1/4 global population: East China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan
27
major population clusters—South Asia
1/4 global population: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka
28
major population clusters—Southeast Asia
600 million people: Indonesia, Philippines, and the river deltas of the Indochina peninsula
29
major population clusters—Europe
600 million people: mostly clustered in Western Europe in Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, and France
30
industrial revolution
a series of improvements in technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and drastically altered society
30
Thomas Malthus
(1766-1834) An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in food production, which would lead to widespread famine and disease
31
One Child Policy
Chinese policy used to control population growth which began in the 1980's and restricted families to having only one child.
32
family planning
The practice of controlling the number and frequency of children conceived usually through the use of contraception or voluntary sterilization.
33
sterilization
any process that eliminates a person's ability to have children
33
epidemiology
the branch of medical science that is concerned with identifying, fighting, and preventing disease
34
pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
35
Dr. John Snow
(1813-1858) English physician who used hand-drawn data layering on maps of London to identify and treat a cholera epidemic
36
sustainability
the level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources
37
asylum seeker
someone who migrated to a new country to be recognized as a refugee
37
brain drain
when talented professionals migrate to another region
37
chain migration
migration to a specific location because of relatives or people of the same nationality
38
circular migration
The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment.
39
circulation
repetitive movement that occurs on a regular basis
40
counterurbanization
urban to rural
41
desertification
degradation of land, especially common in arid regions and usually due to over-farming
42
emigration
moving AWAY from a location
43
floodplain
area subjected to flooding during a specific number of years based on historic trends
44
forced migration
migrant is compelled to move; political/environmental factors
45
guest worker
immigrants temporarily allowed in a country for a job
46
immigration
migration TO a location
47
internal migration
permanent movement within a country
47
internally displaced persons (IDP)
forced to migrate within the same country due to same reasons as a refugee
48
international migration
permanent movement from one country to another
49
interregional migration
movement from one region of a country to another
49
intraregional migration
movement within a region
50
migration
permanent movement to a new location
50
net migration
Difference between immigrants and emigrants. Result can be net in-migration (+) or net out-migration (-).
51
mobility
general term for all types of movement from one place to another
51
migration transition
A change in the migration pattern in a society that results form industrialization, population growth, and produces the demographic transition.
51
pull factor
persuades people to move to a new location
52
push factors
persuades people to move out of current location
53
quota
maximum limits to number of immigrants to USA annually, per country
54
refugee
Forced to migrate to a new country due to political/ environmental factors and cannot return due to fear of persecution
55
remittances
money sent back home by migrants to family members in home country
56
suburbanization
urban to suburban
57
unauthorized (or undocumented) immigrants
immigrants who enter without proper documents
58
urbanization
rural to urban
59
voluntary migration
migrants choose to move; economic improvement
60
anti-natalist policies
government policies designed to reduce the fertility rate
60
pro-natalist policies
government policies designed to increase the fertility rate
61
carrying capacity
largest population that an environment can support at any given time
62
transhumance
The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer.
63
step migration
Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
64
intervening opportunity
The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

AP Human Geography (2 decks)

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