Unit 29: Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Infancy

Question 1

Low birth weight:

Preterm:

Answer 1

< 5.5 pounds
< 37 weeks of pregnancy
Infants weighing 7 3/4 - 8 3/4 are least likely to die in their first year

Question 2

Critical time period:

Answer 2

• Cannot correct for deficiencies

* Most intense during 1st trimester

Question 3

Central nervous system and heart begin developing:

Answer 3

• First, approx 2 weeks

Question 4

Fetal Origins Hypothesis

Answer 4

• Women exposed to famine during pregnancy were more like to have offspring which were diabetic and obese and have a lower birth weight

Question 5

Low maternal energy intake in the last months of pregnancy:

Answer 5

• Hinder growth of cells that produce insulin: diabetes

Question 6

Weight gain:

Twins:

Answer 6

• 35-45 pounds

Question 7

Nutrition during pregnancy:

Calories

Answer 7

1st trimester: 0 kcal/d
2nd trimester: 340 kcal/day
3rd trimester: 450 kcal/day

Question 8

Folate

Answer 8

• Associated with fetal growth failure and malformations and neural tube defects
• Neural tubes form 30 days after conception
• 600 micrograms of folate is needed before and during pregnancy

Question 9

Vitamin A

Answer 9

• Too little associated with poor fetal growth
• Too much fetal malformation
• 5000 IU / day

Question 10

Calcium

Answer 10

• Fetus has as much as needed from mothers bones and diet
• Mineralization of bones in fetus
• Uptake higher during 3rd trimester

Question 11

Vitamin D

Answer 11

• Lack compromises fetal growth and development
• Vegans more at risk
• 5ug / 200 IU recommended

Question 12

Iron

Answer 12

• Increase hemoglobin production and storage by the infant

* 30 mg iron recommended

Question 13

EPA and DHA

Answer 13

• Fetal development

* 300 mg recommended

Question 14

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 14

• Heavy drinking in the first half of pregnancy associated with malformed, small, mentally impaired children
• Second half les malformed, still likely to be small and suffer metal abnormalities
• Permanent condition

Question 15

Nausea:

Answer 15

• Get up slowly
• Eat dry toast or crackers, chew gum or hard candies
• Eat smaller more frequent meals
• Avoid offensive odours
• Don’t drink citrus juice, water, milk, coffee, or tea

Question 16

Constipation and hemorrhoids:

Answer 16

• Fiber, exercise, liquids

Question 17

Heartburn

Answer 17

• Relax, eat slowly
• eat smaller, frequent meals
• Drink liquids between meals
• Avoid spicy greasy food
• Elevate head while sleeping
• Wait and hour after eating before lying down

Question 18

High risk pregnancy factors:

Answer 18

1. Maternal weight before pregnancy
2. Maternal weight gain
3. Maternal nutrition
4. Socioeconomic status
5. Lifestyle habits
6. Age
7. Previous pregnancies
8. Maternal health

Question 19

Exercise during pregnancy

Answer 19

• Improves fitness
• Prevent gestational diabetes
• Facilitates labour
• Low impact diabetes
• Don’t exercise with discomfort or while lying down after 1st trimester

Question 20

Infants double birthweight by:
Triple by:
Length increases by:

Answer 20

4 months
1 year
50% in first year

Question 21

Breast milk:

Answer 21

6% Protein
55% Fat
39% Carbs

Question 22

Introducing cow’s milk

Answer 22

12 months

<6 months associated with intestinal bleed and iron deficiency

Question 23

Introducing solid food

Answer 23

6 months
Iron fortified cereal firs, pureed vegetables and fruits next
progress to family foods after 12 months

Question 24

Maternal weight gain:
Underweight:
Normal:
Obese:

Answer 24

28-40 Ib
24-35 Ib
12-25 Ib