Unit 2a - Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards
(34 cards)
urbanisation and fact
- increase in the amount of people living in urban areas
- 2007, UN announced more than 50% of the world’s population live in urban areas
where does urbanisation happen?
LICs and NEEs rates are much faster than HICs, because of the rapid economic growth they are experiencing.
causes of urbanisation
- rural-urban migration: movement of people from rural to urban areas
- natural increase: birth rate exceeds death rate
push and pull factors for rural-urban migration
push:
-natural disasters
-war and conflict
-mechanisation
-drought
-lack of employment
pull:
-more jobs
-better education and healthcare
-increase quality of life
-following family members
increase in BR and decrease in DR, Natural increase
increase in BR:
-high % of population are child-bearing age which leads to high fertility rate
-lack of contraception ore education on family planning
lower DR:
-higher life expectancy due to better living conditions and diet
-improved medical facilities helps lower infant mortality rate
megacity
- urban area with over 10 mill living there
- 2/3 of current megacities located in either NEEs (Brazil) and LICs (Nigeria)
- amount increase from 28 to 41 by 2030
sustainable urban living
live in cities in ways that do not pollute the environment and using resources in ways that ensure future generations can also use them
water conservation
- collecting rainwater for gardens and flushing toilets
- installing water meters and toilets that flush less water
- educating
energy conservation how
- renewable energy resources
- energy sufficient
- use less energy
creating green space advantages
- provide natural cooler areas for relaxing
- exercise
- reduces risk of flooding from surface runoff
why and how to do waste recycling
more recycling - fewer resources needed less waste - reduces amount going to landfill -collection of household waste -more local recycling facilities -awareness
East Village: sustainable strategies
- rainwater used to flush
- green roofs
- local buses connected to underground
- cycle routes and footpaths
- zero carbon homes
integrated transport system
linking of different forms of public and private transport within a city and surrounding areas
brownfield site
area of land or premises that has been previously used, subsequently become vacant, derelict or contaminated
traffic management
urban areas with many people cause traffic congestion that can lead to many problems
Traffic management: Environmental problems
increases air pollution which releases greenhouse gases, leading to climate change
Traffic management: Economic problems
make people late for work and business deliveries take longer, companies loose money
Traffic management: Social problems
greater risk of accidents and congestion can lead to health issues for pedestrians
congestion solutions
- widen roads
- ring roads and bypasses
- park and ride
- car-sharing schemes
- public transport, cycle lanes, cycle hire schemes
- congestion charges discourage drivers from entering city centre
Traffic management CAMBRIDGE: issues + solutions
issues: -city growing -narrow streets -tourists solutions: -3 park and rides -guided busway -cycle routes -hopper buses -pedestrianised zones -clever bollards
greenbelt area
zone of land surrounding city where new building is strictly controlled to try to prevent cities growing too much and too fast
urban regeneration
investment in revival of old, urban areas by improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding
location and background RIO
- coastal city in south east region of Brazil, South America
- 2nd most populated city in the country (6.5m)
city’s importance RIO
- 2nd largest GDP in Brazil, headquarters to many of Brazil’s main companies
- Sugar Loaf mountain, one of the seven wonders
- one of most visited places in Southern Hemisphere
- hosted 2014 World Cup and 2016 summer olympics
