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Human Development > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the germinal period?

A

The germinal period is between week 0 and 2. It begins with fertilization and starts with a zygote. Within day 4, the zygote transform into a blastocyst.

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2
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The fusion of a male sperm and female egg.

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3
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Cells that have begun to differentiate, it is sphere-shaped.

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4
Q

What are the primary developmental processes of the germinal period?

A

Cell division and implantation.

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5
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

The embryonic period is between week 2 and 8. It occurs post-implantation. The blastocyst becomes an embryo.

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6
Q

What is the embryo composed of?

A

The endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

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7
Q

What is the endoderm cell layer?

A

This layer becomes digestive, respiratory systems.

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8
Q

What is the mesoderm cell layer?

A

This layer becomes circulatory and reproductive systems, bones, and muscles.

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9
Q

What is the ectoderm cell layer?

A

This layer becomes the nervous system, brain, and skin.

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10
Q

What is the amnion?

A

A sac that encloses embryo and fluids that cushions and maintains temperature.

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11
Q

What is a the placenta?

A

An organ that facilitates exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste.

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12
Q

What is an umbilical cord?

A

It connects the embryo to placenta.

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13
Q

What is the primary developmental process of the embryonic period?

A

Organogenesis.

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14
Q

What is the fetal period?

A

The fetal period begins at week 9 and continues until birth. In this period, all organs and physical structures mature.

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15
Q

What is the primary developmental process of the fetal period?

A

Physical maturation.

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16
Q

What is neuogenesis?

A

The process in which new neurons are formed in the brain.

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17
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Teratogens are any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive or behavioral outcomes in a fetus.

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18
Q

What are common teratogens?

A

Caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, drugs, etc.

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19
Q

Which factors influence the effects of teratogens?

A

The dose, heredity, other negative influences, and time of the exposure.

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20
Q

Which stage of a pregnancy is the most vulnerable to environmental hazards?

A

The embryo/embryonic period.

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21
Q

What are the less known teratogens?

A

Maternal nutrition, food poisoning, stress, and age.

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22
Q

What are the two categories for premature infants? Which is at a greater risk for long-term problems?

A

Preterm infants and small-for-date infants.

Small-for-date infants are at great risk for long-term problems.

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23
Q

What is the treatment for premature infants?

A

The use of an Isolette which is a Plexiglas-enclosed bed that controls temperature and air.

Also, kangaroo care. Infants need stimulation such as the sound of a heartbeat and the release of chemicals via touch.

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24
Q

What are the long term effects for premature infants?

A

Infant mortality, health issues, developmental issues, susceptible to infection, risk of brain damage, physical/attentional/learning/behavioral problems.

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25
How can poverty affect expectant mothers?
Mothers living in poverty are more likely to deliver prematurely, have less access to high-quality healthcare, more likely to have higher stress levels, more likely to expose fetus to teratogens, and are more likely to be malnourished.
26
How can race affect expectant mothers?
Black mothers are 2-3 times more likely to deliver babies prematurely.
27
What is the definition of attachment?
A strong bond that binds one person to another.
28
What do babies come with?
Communication: crying, facial expressions, and primitive emotions Babyness: size, facial features, movements, smell, and feel Sociabiilty: Interest in people, facial expressions, gazing, and ability to be comforted Imitation Intersubjectivity: eye contact, recognition of other humans.
29
What is the function of attachment?
To display a baby's behavior such as crying to demonstrate distress. For parents to respond such as holding in return, coming, comfort, repair, protect, etc.
30
True or False: Attachment keeps a child safe by keeping the child close to caregiver, bring caregiver, or get to caregiver.
True.
31
True or False: Attachment provides a secure base and haven of safety.
True.
32
What is the four-step developmental course of attachment?
1. Pre-attachment (birth to 6 weeks) 2. Attachment-in-the-making (6 weeks to 6-8 months) 3. Clear-cut attachment (6-8 months to 18-24 months) 4. Goal-corrected partnership (24 months on)
33
What are the four attachment styles?
Secure, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant, and disorganized.
34
What are the key characteristics for a secure attachment?
Exploration: High, focused Stranger: Outgoing Separation: Distress Reunion: Joy Parental factors: Responsive Theme: Trust building Internal working model: Seek and expect trusting, loving relationships
35
What are the key characteristics for insecure-avoidant attachment?
Exploration: High, unfocused Stranger: Indifferent Separation: Low distress Reunion: Indifferent, ignore, avoid Parental factors: Impatient, avoidant, unresponsive, rejecting Theme: Indifference or unavailability Internal working model: Have uncertainty, distrust of others, distant, cold
36
What are the key characteristics for insecure-resistant attachment?
Exploration: Low, clingy Stranger: Fearful Separation: Hi distress Reunion: Ambivalent, wants contact but angry Parental factors: Inconsistent, resistant overall Theme: Unreliability or unpredictability Internal working model: Have uncertainty, distrust of others, clingy
37
Which part of the strange situation is most useful for determining attachment style?
The reaction and behavior of the children when caregivers leave.
38
What are the key characteristics for disorganized attachment?
Exploration: Chaotic Stranger: Uncertain, fearful Separation: Variable Reunion: Distress, unpredictable Parental factors: Abusive, chaotic, or unpredictable
39
What are the long-term effects of attachment?
Biological effects: Stress hormones and reactivity Psychological effects: Trust, optimism, worthiness of love Social Relationships
40
What is an internal working model?
It is a lens we construct through which we interpret relationships, guide our expectations, choices, and behaviors in relationships. Impacts interpretation and expectations.
41
Which long-term effects are linked to the internal working model?
Emotional understanding, conscience development, and self-concept.
42
How do we promote secure attachment?
Provide person-centered contexts and interactions. Be responsive, build trust.
43
What shapes social development in infancy?
Learning, instinct, and interaction.
44
How can attachment be assessed?
The "strange situation" paradigm.
45
What is the definition of temperament?
Temperament is the inborn physiologically-based tendencies to respond in predictable ways to events; it serves as building blocks of personality.
46
Which meta-theory is associated with temperament?
Contextual
47
What are Chess & Thomas' key dimension of temperament?
``` Activity level Typical mood Regularity of biological functions Approach vs. withdrawal to novelty Intensity of emotional reactions Adaptability ```
48
What are Kagan's dimensions of temperament?
Inhibition vs. Exuberance (Shy vs. Outgoing) If overstimulated by balloon, will most likely be shy. If unaffected, will most likely be outgoing.
49
What are Rothbart's dimensions of temperament?
Surgency (Activity level, approach, positive affect) Negative reactivity (Frequency/strength of negative emotions) Effortful control/regulation
50
What are the three classification clusters of infants?
Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm.
51
What are the key characteristics for an easy infant?
Happy, calm, regular, predictable, open, and adaptable.
52
What are the key characteristics for a difficult infant?
Irritable, negative mood, active, irregular rhythms, frequent crying, hard to comfort, and slow to adapt.
53
What are the key characteristics for a slow-to-warm infant?
Inactive, moody, fearful, mild response and then adaptation.
54
What is a good fit and bad fit for a difficult infant?
Good: Calm, loving, structure, sets limits, and provides coping strategies. Bad: Neglect or coercion.
55
What is a good fit and bad fit for a slow-to-warm child?
Good: Calm, loving, introduce to new situations, allow child to go at own pace, and provide coping strategies. Bad: Overprotection and push into new situations.
56
What are the consequences of goodness of fit?
Easy: Keeps them stable and encourages good qualities. Difficult/Slow-to-Warm: Soften the negative consequences and encourage change.
57
What are the consequences of a bad fit?
Easy: Interferes with positive qualities. Difficult/Slow-to-Warm: Intensifies temperament.
58
What are the implications for attachment theory?
Temperament and attachment interact over time.
59
What is the meta-theory for the nativist theory of language development?
Maturational
60
What is the nativist theory of language development?
The understanding that all humans are born with language acquisition device (LAD) that makes learning language possible.
61
What is the meta-theory associated with the ethological theory of imprinting (instinct)?
Maturational
62
What are the environmental contributions which affect language development?
Gender, temperament, quantity/quality of parent-child conversations, and socioeconomic status.
63
How can you promote language development?
Frequent high-quality child-directed speech.
64
What is child-directed speech?
Exaggerated and higher-pitched communication with shorter sentences, clear pronunciation, pausing, and repetition.
65
What is the meta-theory associated with interactionist theory of language development?
Contextual
66
What are the key factors for the interactionist theory of language development?
Biological contributions include neurological and physiological equipment and social orientation. Environmental contributions include rich verbal context matters and language literacy.
67
What are communication milestones?
Birth: Crying, facial expressions, recognizing sounds 2-4 Months: Vocalizations (Cooing) 4+ Months: Language comprehension (Joint attention, turn taking, understanding word meanings) 6+ Months: Vocalizations (Babbling) 8-12 Months: Gestures (Point, wave, nod, sign) 12-18 Months: Single words (used in conjunction with gestures) 18-24 Months: Two-word utterances

Human Development (3 decks)

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