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biology honors unit 3 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

All living things are composed of

A

One or more cells

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2
Q

What work did Robert Hooke come up with

A

cell

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3
Q

How did the word “cell” get its name

A

Hooke looked at a piece of cork under a microscope and it looked like thousands of tiny, empty chambers or tiny rooms which he lived in the monastery

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4
Q

Cells are not tiny chambers but

A

Living matter

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5
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek made what

A

Simple microscopes that magnified 10x greater than what was used by Hooke

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6
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek discover

A

Microorganisms in a drop of water

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7
Q

What was Leeuwenhoek first to do

A

See and describe microorganisms

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8
Q

Matthias Schleiden was

A

A German Botanist who concluded that all plant tissues were composed of cells

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9
Q

Theodore Schwann was

A

A German Zoologist who concluded that all animals were composed of cells

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10
Q

Rudolf Virchow noted that cells could only arise form

A

Preexisting cells

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11
Q

Cell theory

A

A. All living things are made of cells
B. Calls are the basic units of structure and function in living things
C. New cells are produced from preexisting cells

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12
Q

What are all organisms composed of

A

Organized parts

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13
Q

Living organisms

A

Obtain energy from their surroundings

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14
Q

What are 2 ways that living organisms obtain energy from their surroundings

A

Heterotrophs and autotrophs

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15
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Cannot make their own food so they get it by consuming other animals (all animals and fungi)

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16
Q

Autotrophs

A

Make their own food and are not dependent on outside sources for their food (all green plants, some protists, and some bacteria)

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17
Q

All living organisms

A

Perform chemical reactions, change over time and evolve, respond to their environment, reproduce, share a common history, and maintain a stable internal environment in a process called homeostasis

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18
Q

Homeostasis

A

Process by which all living organisms maintain a stable internal environment

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19
Q

Ingestion

A

The taking in or food and water

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20
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be used by the cell

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21
Q

Cyclosis

A

The movement of materials inside a cell

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22
Q

Respiration

A

Breaking down glucose into simpler substances and releasing the stored energy in a form the cell can use

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23
Q

Biosynthesis

A

Using the energy from foods to form new cell parts, as in growth and repair

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24
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of liquid waste from a cell

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25
Q

Egestion

A

The removal of solid waste from a cell

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26
Q

Movement is a function an individual cell needs to be able to carry out

A
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27
Q

Reproduction

A

May be sexual or asexual

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28
Q

Irritability

A

Responding to a stimulus

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29
Q

Secretions

A

A substance made in one place, but used in another place

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30
Q

The animal cell contains

A

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Cytoplasm
Nucleus (nuclear membrane)
Rough e do plastic reticulum
Ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Vacuole
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Lysosomes

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31
Q

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

A

A. Separates the internal chemical reactions of the cell from the external environment
B. Separates one animal cell from the next
C. Regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell by allowing only certain molecules to enter and leave
D. made mostly of lipids and proteins

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32
Q

The nucleus is the

A

Control center of the cell

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33
Q

Nucleus

A

Nuclear membrane
Chromatin/ chromosomes
Nucleus
Nucleus pores
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes

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34
Q

What is the nucleus filled with

A

Nucleoplasm which is a jelly like liquid similar to the cell’s cytoplasm that hole the contents of the nucleus

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35
Q

What does the nucleus contain

A

DNA which contains the coded instructions for the genetic makeup of future cells as well as instructions for making proteins and other important molecules for the daily functioning of the cell

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36
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by

A

The nuclear membrane is a double membrane that its dotted with thousands of pores that allow materials to move into and out of the nucleus where DNA is transported into RNA.

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37
Q

What does RNA carry

A

RNA carries protein-building instructions to the ribosomes. RNA travels to the cytoplasm through the numerous pores in the nuclear membrane

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38
Q

Chromatin

A

When the cell is not dividing and the DNA is in a thread like material

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39
Q

Chromosomes

A

When the cell is actively diving and the chromatin condenses

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40
Q

The nucleus manufactures

A

Subunits that makes up ribosomes

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41
Q

2 types of subunits

A

Large and small subunits

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42
Q

What do subunits do

A

They pass through the pores of the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they combine to form ribosomes

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43
Q

The nucleus is the

A

Carrier of genetic information

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44
Q

Chromosomes are composed of

A

The gene which determine traits in living organisms

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45
Q

The nucleus controls the

A

Reproduction of the cell

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46
Q

The nucleus directs protein synthesis by

A

Sending messages out to the ribosomes

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47
Q

Ribosomes can be found

A

Free floating in the cytoplasm or may be found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

48
Q

Ribosomes are the most what in a cell’s organelles

A

Numerous

49
Q

Ribosomes are not membrane bound organelles and are composed of

A

Protein and RNA

50
Q

What are all proteins of the cell made by

A

Ribosomes

51
Q

Ribosomes are the site of

A

Protein synthesis

52
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum known as

A

The internal membrane system of the cell

53
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum accounts for more than half the total membrane in a cell because of

A

The membranes of the system being so extensive

54
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as

A

“Intracellular highway” that provides a path along which molecules move form one part of the cell to another

55
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum covered with

A

Attached ribosomes

56
Q

a rough endoplasmic reticulum covered with attached ribosomes is involved in the making of

A

Proteins while newly made proteins leave the ribosome and are inserted into spaces of the endoplasmic reticulum where they are modifies and shaped into functioning proteins

57
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum lack

A

Ribosomes

58
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

To make lipids that will be used in membranes

59
Q

Where are proteins produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum transferred to

A

The Golgi apparatus

60
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus look like

A

A stack of loosely connected membranes

61
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

To modify, sort, sort and package the proteins that have arrived from the endoplasmic reticulum

62
Q

What happens to the proteins modified by the Golgi apparatus

A

These proteins will either be stored inside the cell or be secreted to the outside of the cell

63
Q

The Golgi apparatus completes the modification on proteins before they are

A

Shipped off to their final destination

64
Q

What are vesicles

A

Spherical shaped that are surrounded by a single membrane

65
Q

How are vesicles classified

A

According to their contents

66
Q

Types of vesicles

A

Transport vesicles, lysosomes, and peroxisomes

67
Q

proteins are assembled by

A

Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

68
Q

Vesicles transport proteins to the

A

Golgi apparatus

69
Q

The Golgi apparatus completes modifications on

A

Proteins

70
Q

Functional proteins are packaged in

A

Vesicles and leave the Golgi apparatus

71
Q

Vesicles souse with the cell membrane to release

A

The newly formed proteins to the outside of the cell

72
Q

Where do vesicle containing enzymes remain

A

Inside the cell as lysosomes

73
Q

Where do lysosomes come from

A

The golgi apparatus and are filled with very strong digestive system

74
Q

Digestive enzymes are used to break down

A

Large molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids into smaller molecules.

75
Q

The enzymes recycle the cells own organic materials, breaking them down into their building blocks, and returning them to the

A

Cytoplasm to be used again

76
Q

What are lysosomes responsible for

A

Destroying old organelles that can no longer carry out their function

77
Q

What do lysosomes do to help the cell

A

They help “clean up” or destroy any debris that might build up inside the cell

78
Q

Why are lysosomes ur rounded by a thick membrane

A

To keep the enzymes from releasing from the cell or else the cell would be destroyed

79
Q

What do peroxisomes contain that are not produced by the Golgi apparatus

A

Different enzymes

80
Q

Peroxisomes break down

A

Alcohols and kill bacteria, producing hydrogen peroxide as a result which peroxisomes convert to water and glucose because hydrogen peroxide is toxic to cells

81
Q

Peroxides also breaks down fatty acids which

A

Can be used by mitochondria as an energy source

82
Q

What is a vacuoles function inside a cell

A

Storage area

83
Q

A vacuole may store

A

Water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

84
Q

The mitochondria is considered the what of the cell

A

“The powerhouse”

85
Q

What is the purpose of mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration is the process of converting glucose of sugar molecules into a usable form of energy for the cell

86
Q

What kind of membrane does mitochondria have

A

Inner and outer membrane

87
Q

The fold on the inner membrane are known as

A

Cristae

88
Q

What does cristae do

A

Increases the surface area for respiration

89
Q

How many mitochondria can be found in a cell

A

100’s or 1000’s

90
Q

What do mitochondria carry out and have their own of

A

They have their own DNA and carry out their own replication

91
Q

The organelles of a cell do not

A

Float freely in the cytoplasm

92
Q

What must a cell have to have shape and an organized cell

A

An internal framework and support system (cytoskeleton)

93
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton

A

A network of protein tubes and fibers that help the cell to maintain its shape. It provides hope and support internally

94
Q

The cytoskeleton is also involved in

A

Cell movement

95
Q

What are 2 types of fibers found in the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments and microtubules

96
Q

What are microfilaments

A

Solid, thread-like, protein structures that form extensive framework inside the cell to give support to the cell and help bear mechanical stress

97
Q

Microfilaments help cells to

A

Move and can assemble and disassemble rapidly and are involved in muscle coordination

98
Q

Microtubules are

A

Hollow structures

99
Q

Microtubule functions include

A

A. Maintaining a cell shape
B. The separation of chromosomes during cell division
C. The formation of silks and flagella

100
Q

Centrioles are

A

2 short cylinders at right angle to one another

101
Q

Where are centrioles located

A

Near the nuclear membrane

102
Q

What do centrioles do

A

Organize the microtubules during cell division to form a framework for separating chromosomes

103
Q

Breaks down molecules and old cell parts

A

Lysosomes

104
Q

Packages and sorts proteins and lipids for shipment

A

Golgi apparatus

105
Q

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

A

Cell membrane

106
Q

Produce microtubules that aid in cell division

A

Centriole

107
Q

Stores water and nutrients

A

Vacuole

108
Q

Stores and protects chromosomes

A

Nucleus

109
Q

Fluid organelles are floating in

A

Cytoplasm

110
Q

Makes proteins and lipids

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

111
Q

Carries out photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

112
Q

Stores genetic information

A

Chromosome

113
Q

Produces chemical energy

A

Mitochondria

114
Q

Surrounds plant cell sand gives them structure

A

Cell wall

115
Q

Both plants and animals are made of

A

Cells

biology honors unit 3 (1 decks)

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