Unit 3 Flashcards
(225 cards)
1
Q
The 26 bones of one foot are divided into three groups
as follows:
A
Phalanges, metatarsals, tarsals
2
Q
How many bones in the phalanges, metatarsals and tarsals
A
14,5,7
3
Q
What are the 2 phalanx called in the first digit of the toe
A
Proximal phalanx and distal phalanx
4
Q
How many bones make up the instep (metatasal)
A
5 bones
5
Q
Which metatarsals expands laterally into a prominent rough tuberosity
A
The base of the fifth metatarsals
6
Q
Which digit of the toe is a common trauma site for the foot
A
The fifth metatarsal
7
Q
What joint is between the proximal and distal phalanx
A
Interphalangeal joint
8
Q
Which joint is between middle and distal phalanges
A
Distal interphalangeal joint
9
Q
Which joint is between middle and proximal phalanges
A
Proximal interphalangeal joint
10
Q
Joints at the head of the metatarsals are.
A
Metatarsophalangeal joint (mtp)
11
Q
Joints at the base of the metatarsals is
A
Tarsometatarsal joint (TMT)
12
Q
Where do you place the Cr when imaging a ap foot and a oblique foot
A
Base of the third metatarsal
13
Q
What are several small detached bones called
A
Sesamoid
14
Q
Largest sesamoid bone
A
Patella
15
Q
The sesame bones are located where in the foot
A
Posterior, plantar surface at the head of the first metatarsal
16
Q
The sesamoid bone on the lateral side is called
A
Fibula sesame bone
17
Q
The sesamoid bone on the medial side is called
A
Tibial sesamoïd
18
Q
Tarsals bones are made up of how many bones
A
7
19
Q
List the 7 tarsals bones
A
Calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, 3 cuniforms
20
Q
Another name for the calcaneus
A
Os Calcis
21
Q
Another name for talus
A
Astragalus
22
Q
Scaphoid is another name for
A
Navicular
23
Q
What is the largest strongest bone of the foot
A
Calcaneus
24
Q
The most posterior-inferior part of the calcaneus contains
a process called
A
Tuberosity
25
What can be a common site for bone spurs
Tuberosity
26
What of the largest tendon
Achilles tendon
27
The lateral process is the largest one. True or false
True
28
The medial process is the smaller and less pronounced. True of false
True
29
What is visualized laterally on an axial projection of the calcaneus
Peroneal trochlea or trochlea process
30
What is on the medal proximal aspect of the calcaneus
Sustentallum tali
31
What mean support for the talus
Sustentaculum tali
32
calcaneus articulates with two bones
anteriorly
with the cuboid and superiorly with the talus
33
What form the important subtalar
The superior articula-
tion with the talus
34
What appear at the subtalar ( talocalcaneus joint)
the larger posterior articular facet and the
smaller anterior and middle articular facets
35
Which facet provides medial support for the sustentalulum tali
Middle articular facet
36
The deep depression between the posterior and middle articular
facets is called the
CalcaneaI sulcus
37
This opening in
the middle of the subtalar joint is
Sinus tarsi
38
the second largest tarsal bone, is located between
the lower leg and the calcaneus
Talus
39
Which bones does the talus articulated with
superiorly with
the tibia and fibula, inferiorly with the calcaneus, and anteriorly
with the navicular
40
Which bone is the flattened, oval bone located on the
medial side of the foot between the talus and the three cuneiforms
Navicular
41
Navicular articulates with now Mary bones and what are they
five bones: posteriorly
with the talus, laterally with the cuboid, and anteriorly with the three
cuneiforms
42
Where are the Cuniforms located
are
located on the medial and mid aspects of the foot between the
first three metatarsals distally and the navicular proximally.
43
Which Cuniform is the largest
Medial (first) Cuniform
44
The largest Cuniform articulates with
The
largest cuneiform, which articulates with the first metatarsal
45
intermediate (second) cuneiform,
which articulates with
Second metatarsal
46
Which of the Cuniform is the smallest
The second metatarsal
47
lateral (third) cuneiform articulates with
third
metatarsal distally and with the cuboid laterally.
48
All three cuneiforms
articulate with
navicular proximally.
49
The medial cuneiform articulates with four bones:
the navicular proximally, the first and second metatarsals distally,
and the intermediate cuneiform laterally.
50
articulates with four bones:
the navicular proximally, the second metatarsal distally, and the
medial and lateral cuneiforms on each side.
intermediate cuneiform
51
articulates with six bones: the navicular
proximally; the second, third, and fourth metatarsals distally; the
intermediate cuneiform medially; and the cuboid laterally
lateral cuneiform
52
is located on the lateral aspect of the foot, distal
to the calcaneus and proximal to the fourth and fifth metatarsals.
Cuboid
53
The cuboid articulates with
the calca-
neus proximally, the lateral cuneiform and navicular medially, and
the fourth and fifth metatarsals distally.
54
The bones of the foot are arranged in
in longi-
tudinal and transverse arches
55
The
transverse arch is primarily made up
especially the smaller second and third cuneiforms, in combi-
nation with the larger first cuneiform and the cuboid
56
located primarily along the
plantar surface of the distal tarsals and the tarsometatarsal joint
The transverse arch
57
is formed by three bones—the two long bones of
the lower leg, the tibia and fibula, and one tarsal bone, the talus.
Ankle joint
58
distal end of the slender fibula, which extends well
down alongside the talus, is called the
Lateral malleolus
59
The medial elongated process of the tibia that
extends down alongside the medial talus is called
Medial malleolus.
60
inferior portions of the tibia and fibula form a deep “socket,”
or three-sided opening, called
Mortise
61
Why the three part joint space is not seen in a ap ankle
because
of overlapping of portions of the distal fibula and tibia by the talus.
62
is an expanded process at the distal
anterior and lateral tibia that has been shown to articulate with the
superolateral talus, while partially overlapping the fibula anteriorly
Anterior tubercle
63
The distal tibial joint surface that forms the roof of the ankle
mortise joint
Tibial plafond
64
ankle joint, seen in a true lateral position demon-
strates
distal fibula is located about 1 cm (3
8 inch)
posterior in relation to the distal tibia
65
A true lateral requires
lateral '
malleolus to be about 1 cm (3
8 inch) posterior to the medial
malleolus. The lateral malleolus extends about 1 cm (3
8 inch)
more distal
66
The ankle joint is what type of joint
Synovial joint of the saddle (sellar) type
67
Lower leg limb consist of 2 bones which are
Tibia and fibula
68
one of the larger bones of the body, is the weight-
bearing bone of the lower leg.
Tibia
69
Tibia is made of how many parts and what are them
three parts: the central body (shaft) and two extremities.
70
are the two
large processes that make up the medial and lateral aspects of the
proximal tibia.
medial and lateral condyles
71
also known as the tibial spine
intercondylar eminence
72
located on the superior
surface of the tibial head between the two condyles
medial and
lateral intercondylar tubercles
73
The tibial plateau articulates with
The femur
74
Article facets is commonly called the
Tibial plateau
75
Where is the tibial tuberosity located
located on the midanterior surface of
the tibia just distal to the condyles.
76
Osgood-Schlatter disease
in young persons, the tibial
tuberosity separates from the body of the tibia
77
Along the anterior surface of the body, extending
from the tibial tuberosity to the medial malleolus, is a sharp ridge
called
anterior crest or border.
78
The distal extremity of the tibia is smaller than
the proximal extremity and ends in a short pyramid-shaped process
called
Medial malleolus
79
Fibular notch articulates with
The distal fibula
80
lateral aspect of the distal extremity of the tibia forms
a
flattened, triangular fibular notch
81
The smaller fibula is located
Laterally and posteriorly to the larger tibia
82
The fibula articulates with
the tibia proximally and the tibia
and talus distally.
83
articulates with the lateral aspect of the pos-
teroinferior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibi
The fibula head
84
The largest sesamoid bone in the body
Patella
85
Where is the largest sesamoid located in the body
Anteriorly to the distal femur
86
superior or proximal to the actual knee joint
The most distal part of the patella
87
is the smooth, shallow, triangular depres-
sion at the distal portion of the anterior femur that extends up under
the lower part of the patella
The patellar surface
88
Is the depression that is in the patellar
Intercondyler sulcus/ trochlear groove
89
most often is superior to the patellar surface
with the leg fully extended.
Patella
90
What separates the 2 large rounded condyles dismally and posteriorly
intercondylar fossa or notch,
91
contain smooth articular surfaces for articulation with the tibia
The distal portions of the medial and lateral condyles
92
extends lower or more distally than the lateral
condyle when the femoral shaft is vertical,
medial condyle
93
Why is the Cr angle 5 to 7 ceplalad for a lateral knee.
cause the two condyles to be directly superimposed
when the femur is parallel to the IR.
94
What is the difference between the medial and lateral condyles
adductor tubercle
95
Where is the adductor tubercle located
the posterolateral aspect of the medial condyle
96
What is the best view to see the adductor tubercle
Lateral view of the distal femur and knee
97
What can be palpated,
are rough prominences for attachments of the medial and lateral
collateral ligaments and are located on the outermost portions of
the condyles.
medial and lateral epicondyles,
98
The lateral view in the distal femur and patella shows
the relationship of the patella to the patellar surface
of the distal femur.
99
posterior surface of the distal femur just proximal to the
intercondylar fossa
Popliteal surface
100
What joint in the knee is viewed in an axial view
Patella femoral joint space
101
is shown to be very deep on
the posterior aspect of the femur.
intercondylar fossa (notch)
102
are seen as
rough prominences on the outermost tips of the large medial and
lateral condyles.
epicondyles
103
is a flat triangular bone about 2 inches
(5 cm) in diameter
Patella
104
The apex is located
Along the inferior border
105
The base of the patella is located
Superior or upper border
106
is smooth and oval-shaped for articulation with the femur.
Posterior surface
107
is convex and rough, and the inner
Anterior surface
108
Articulates with the femur
Patella
109
Name major knee ligaments
Lateral collateral ligament, medial collateral ligament posterior and anterior cruciate
110
prevent adduction and abduction movements at
the knee
collateral ligaments
111
strong, rounded cords
that cross each other as they attach to the respective anterior and
posterior aspects of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.
cruciate ligaments
112
stabilize the knee joint by preventing anterior or posterior move-
ment within the knee joint.
cruciate ligaments
113
is posterior to this ligament,
which aids in protecting the anterior aspect of the knee joint.
infrapatellar fat pad
114
is the largest joint space of the
human body.
articular cavity
115
total knee joint is a synovial type enclosed in an
articular capsule, or bursa.
116
What is distal to the patella
the infrapatellar bursa
117
articular cavity or bursa of the knee joint extends upward
under and superior to the patella
Suprapatella bursa
118
are crescent-shaped
fibrocartilage disks between the articular facets of the tibia (tibial
plateau) and the femoral condyles
The medial and lateral menisci
119
act as shock absorbers to reduce some of the direct impact and
stress that occur at the knee joint.
medial and lateral menisci
120
The joints or articulations of the lower limb. all (with one
exception) are classified
Synovial joints
121
The joints or articulations of the lower limb (Fig. 6.35) all (with one
exception) are classified
diarthrodial, or freely movable.
122
single exception to the synovial joint is the
distal tibiofibular
joint, which is classified as a fibrous joint
123
the syn-
desmosis type and is only slightly movable, or amphiarthrodial.
distal tibiofibular
joint,
124
anterior surface of the foot
dorsum
125
the posterior surface or plantar surfa
Sole of the foot
126
is the same as a dorsoplantar (DP)
projection.
.
Ap projection of the foot
127
less common posteroanterior (PA) projection
can also be called
plantodorsal (PD) projection
128
To decrease the angle (flex) between the dorsum pedis and the anterior part of the lower leg is to
Dorsiflex
129
is an inward turning or bending of the ankle
and subtalar (talocalcaneal) joints,
Inversion, or varus
130
is an
outward turning or bending.
Eversion or valgus
131
is the longest and strongest bone in the body.
Femur
132
consists of four essential parts, the head
(1), neck (2), and greater (3) and lesser trochanters
The proximal femur
133
is rounded and smooth for articulation
with the hip bones.
Head of the femur
134
The depression or pit near the head of the femur
fovea capitis
135
a major liga-
ment is attached to the head of the femur
ligament of the head of the femur, or the liga-
ment capitis femoris,
136
is a strong pyramidal process of bone
that connects the head with the body or shaft in the region of the
trochanters.
Neck of the femur
137
is a large prominence that is located
superiorly and laterally to the femoral shaft and is palpable as a
bony landmark.
Greater trochanter
138
is a smaller, blunt, conical
eminence that projects medially and posteriorly from the junction
of the neck and shaft of the femur.
Lesser trochanter
139
trochanters are joined
posteriorly by a thick ridge called
intertrochanteric crest
140
serves as the base of the
trunk and forms the connection between the vertebral column and
lower limbs
pelvis (meaning a basin)
141
consists of four bones
Pelvis
142
What are the four bones that is consist of the hip
innominate bones), one sacrum (sa′-krum), and one
coccyx
143
articulates superiorly with
the fifth lumbar vertebra to form the lumbosacral joint
Sacrum
144
articulate posteriorly
with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joints.1
right and left hip (iliac) bones
145
The hip bone is composed of
1) ilium (il′-e-um),
(2) ischium (is′-ke-um), and (3) pubis (pu′-bis)
146
is a deep, cup-
shaped cavity that accepts the head of the femur to form the hip
joint
Acetabulum
147
The fusion occurs at
The acetabulum
148
Which is larger of the three discos
Ilium
149
is located superior
to the acetabulum.
Ilium
150
is inferior and posterior to the
acetabulum,
Ischium
151
inferior and anterior to the ace-
tabulum
Pubis
152
is composed of a body and an ala, or wing
Ilium
153
includes the superior two-fifths of the acetabulum.
Ilium
154
Is more inferior portion near the acetabulum
The body of the ilium
155
The
ala, or wing portion, is the thin and flared is what part of the ilium
Superior part
156
the superior margin of the ala; it extends
from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the posterior
superior iliac spine (PSIS).
crest of the ilium
157
inferior to the PSIS is the
posterior inferior iliac spine.
158
The two important positioning landmarks
of these borders and projections are
iliac crest and the ASIS
159
is that part of the hip bone that lies inferior and
posterior to the acetabulum.
Ischium
160
The ischium is divided into
Body and a ramus
161
lower portion of the body of the ischium (formerly called the
superior ramus) projects caudally and medially from the acetabu-
lum, ending at the
ischial tuberosity.
162
rounded roughened area near the junction of the lower
body and the inferior rami is a landmark
tuberosity of
the ischium, or the ischial tuberosity.
163
Posterior to the acetabulum is a bony projection termed
the
ischial spine.
164
Directly superior to the ischial spine is a deep notch termed the
Greater sciatic notch
165
Inferior to the ischial spine is a smaller notch
Lesser sciatic notch
166
is anterior and inferior to the
acetabulum and includes the anteroinferior one-fifth of the
acetabulum
Body of the pubis
167
Extending anteriorly and medially from the body of each pubis
superior ramus.
168
a large
opening formed by the ramus and body of each ischium and by
the pubis.
obturator foramen
169
is the largest foramen in the
human skeletal system
obturator foremen
170
superior portion of
the symphysis pubis anteriorly and by the superior, prominent part
of the sacrum posteriorly.
Pelvic brim
171
The general area above or superior to
the oblique plane through the pelvic brim is termed
Greater or false, pelvis
172
The area inferior to a plane through the pelvic brim is termed
Lesser or true pelvis
173
the true pelvis is defined by the two ischial
tuberosities and the tip of the coccyx
outlet, or
inferior aperture,
174
The area between the inlet and outlet of the true pelvis
is termed
Cavity of the true pelvis
175
Differences between maleand female pelvis
1. Female is more wider with the ilia flared and shallow from front to back
2. Male pelvis is narrower, deeper and less flared
3. The angle in the female is 80-85° and the male is 50° to 60°
176
joints between the sacrum and each ilium
Sacroiliac joints
177
Union of acetabulum
temporary growth joint of each acetabulum
that solidifies in the midteen years
178
What are Hip joints
joints between the head of the femur and the acetabu-
lum of the pelvis
179
are wide flat joints located on each side
obliquely between the sacrum and each ilium.
sacroiliac joints
180
The sacroiliac joint is classified as
Synovial joint
181
However, the sacroiliac joint is a special type of synovial joint
that permits little movement and thus is
Amphrarthrodial
182
is the articulation of the right and left pubic
bones located in the midline of the anterior pelvis.
Symphysis pubis
183
Symphysis pubis is classified as
cartilaginous joint of the
symphysis subtype
184
Symphysis is what type of joint
Ampharthrodial
185
which is immovable, or synarthrodial,
in an adult.
synchondrosis subtype,
186
The hip joint is classified as
Synovial type
187
Movements of the hip joint include
flexion and extension,
abduction and adduction, medial (internal) and lateral (external)
rotation, and circumduction
188
Demonstrated on image distal one-
third of tibia and fibula; lateral and
medial malleoli; talus; proximal half of
metatarsals
Ap ankle
189
• Indications of true AP ankle without
rotation
• Medial mortise (tibiotalor joint
space) should be open
• Lateral mortise (fibulotalar joint
space) should be closed
190
Tibiotalar joint well visualized
• Distal fibula superimposed over
posterior half of tibia
Lateral ankle
191
Demonstrated on image: distal tibia
and fibula; talus and adjacent tarsals
Lateral ankle
192
distal one-
third of tibia and fibula; lateral and
medial malleoli; talus; proximal half of
metatarsals
Oblique ankle
193
Distal tibiofibular joint open
Oblique ankle
194
Entire ankle mortise should be open
Mortise ankle
195
Evaluation criteria of the mortise ankle
distal one-
third of tibia and fibula; lateral and
medial malleoli; talus; proximal half of
metatarsals
• Entire ankle mortise should be open
196
What is demonstrated on a ap tib-fib
: entire tibia
and fibula including both joints (knee
and ankle
197
How do you know there is no rotation indicators on a ap tib fib
Femoral and tibial condyles in
profile
• Intercondylar eminence centered
within intercondylar fossa
• Slight overlap of tibia and fibula at
the proximal and distal ends
198
Demonstrated on image: entire tibia
and fibula including both joints (knee
and ankle
Lateral lower leg
199
No rotation indicators:
• Tibial tuberosity in profile
• Head of fibula superimposed by
tibia
Lateral lower leg
200
No rotation indicators:
• Symmetric appearance of
condyles
• Patella centered to femur
Base
Pa patella
201
What does a Pa patella demonstrate
Knee joint and patella
202
What is the indicators for A the lateral patella
Femoral condyles superimposed
• Patellofemoral joint space open
203
• Demonstrated on image: patella in
profile; patellofemoral joint open;
femorotibial joint
Lateral patella
204
What is demonstrated on the image of a settegast
Demonstrated on image:
• Open patellofemoral joint space
• intercondylar sulcus
205
Indicators on a settegast
• Symmetric appearance of patella,
anterior femoral condyles,
intercondylar sulcus
206
What is the evaluation criteria in ap knee
Demonstrated on image:
• femorotibial joint space open
• articular facets of the tibia
207
How you do you know the AP knee is not rotated
• Symmetric appearance of femoral
and tibial condyles
• Joint space open
• Half of fibular head superimposed
by tibia
• Intercondylar eminence is seen
208
What is demonstrated on a medial oblique knee
Distal femur, proximal tibia and
fibula
• Patella superimposing the medial
femoral condyle
• Lateral condyles of tibia and femur
are well demonstrated
209
How do you know that the medial oblique knee is rotated properly
Evidence of proper rotation
• Proximal tibiofibular articulation
open
• Lateral condyles of tibia and femur
seen in profile
• Proximal fibula seen without
superimposition
210
Demonstrated on image:
• Distal femur, proximal tibia and
fibula
• Patella superimposing the lateral
femoral condyle
• Medial condyles of tibia and femur
are well demonstrated
Lateral oblique knee
211
How do you know of the knee is rotated properly in a lateral oblique knee
Evidence of proper rotation
• Medial condyles of tibia and femur
seen in profile
• Proximal fibula superimposed by
tibia
• Half of patella seen without
superimposition
212
What is demonstrated in a lateral knee
Demonstrated on image:
• Distal femur, proximal tibia and
fibula
• Patellofemoral and femorotibial
joints open
213
The indolence of a proper rotation of a lateral knee
• Posterior borders and distal borders
of femoral condyles are
superimposed
• Patella in profile
• Patellofemoral joint space open
214
What is demonstrated on a image for a camp Coventry
Demonstrated on image:
• Medial and lateral tubercles of
intercondylar eminence
215
This show Symmetric appearance of distal
femoral condyles
No evidence of no rotation
216
• Femoral neck not foreshortened
• Lesser trochanter seen on medial
border of femur
Ap proximal femur
217
What is shown on a ap distal femur image
Distal two-thirds of femur
218
How do you know is the femur is not rotated for a ap distal femur
Symmetric appearance of femoral
and tibial condyles
• Half of fibular head superimposed
by tibia
219
What is demonstrated on a lateral proximal femur
• Demonstrated on image:
• Proximal femur and hip joint
• Superimposition of greater and
lesser trochanter by femoral shaft
220
Demonstrated on image:
• Distal femur
• Superimposed anterior surface of
femoral condyles
• Patella in profile
• Inferior surface of femoral condyles
not superimposed because of
divergence of the beam
Lateral distal femur
221
Evaluation criteria for ap pelvis
• Greater trochanters
are equal in size
• No rotation is
evidenced by
symmetric
appearance iliac
alae, ischial spines,
obturator foraminas
222
No rotation is evidenced
by symmetric
appearance iliac alae,
ischial spines, obturator
foraminas
Pelvis ap frog leg
223
• Greater trochanter
and femoral head
and neck in profile
Ap hip
224
Evaluation criteria for lateral frog- leg hip
• Proper abduction is
evidenced by
femoral neck in
profile,
superimposed by
greater trochanter
225
• Entire femoral head
and neck,
trochanter, and
acetabulum are
seen
• Small part of lesser
trochanter is seen
Unilateral hip danelius - miller
